Accaparement de terres et droits de l'homme: rôle des sociétés et des entités financières européennes dans l'accaparement de terres en dehors de l'Union européenne

Dans les travaux de recherche antérieurs sur l'accaparement de terres, les auteurs se sont initialement intéressés aux sociétés étrangères investissant dans d'autres pays et ont mis notamment l'accent sur les sociétés implantées dans des pays tels que la Chine, les États du Golfe, la Corée du Sud et l'Inde. Ces dernières années, il est devenu évident que la palette des pays d'origine des investisseurs fonciers est bien plus large et comprend des acteurs implantés en Atlantique Nord et dans l'Union européenne. Dans la présente étude, nous fournissons des données qualitatives et quantitatives pour illustrer le rôle des entités financières et des sociétés établies dans l'Union européenne dans les transactions foncières opérées en dehors de l'Union. Cette étude analyse également le phénomène international de "ruée vers la terre" avec les droits de l'homme en arrière-plan, en examinant les répercussions de certaines transactions foncières auxquelles des investisseurs basés dans l'Union européenne participent, ainsi que leurs effets sur les populations qui vivent dans les secteurs visés par les investissements. Ces recherches s'appuient en partie sur l'étude réalisée en 2014 par Cotula sur les facteurs favorisant l'accaparement de terres et les répercussions de ce phénomène sur les droits de l'homme, mais s'en écartent également par la façon dont l'accent est mis expressément sur certains cas d'abus et de violations, potentielles ou effectives des droits de l'homme dans le cadre d'activités dans lesquelles des sociétés et des entités financières européennes sont impliquées. Dans nos conclusions, nous proposons une série de recommandations sur la façon dont l'Union européenne peut s'attaquer de façon efficace à ces problèmes

Epidemiology of fragility fractures in Italy

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to calculate the incidence of major fragility fractures in Italy, including those which do not result systematically in hospital admissions, on the basis of hospitalization rates provided in our previous researches.METHODS: We analyzed Italian national hospital discharge data from year 2004 to 2006 in order to determine age- and sex-specific incidence rates of hip, vertebral, humeral, and forearm fractures occurred in people aged 40 to 100 years of age. Re-hospitalizations of the same patients have been excluded from the analysis. Hospital discharge data have been adjusted taking into account recently published information concerning fracture-specific hospitalization rates.RESULTS: We estimated a total of 88,647 hip fractures in year 2006 among people aged 40 to 100 years old, with a +5.9% increase across the three examined years. Women aged >75 years old (n=53,259) accounted for 60% of total fractures observed both in males and females from 40 to 100 years of age. Concerning males, the highest incidence was observed between 80 and 84 years old (about 5,000 hip fractures). Overall incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants computed for hip fractures was 284.28, with marked age- and sex-specific differences. Clinical vertebral fractures were estimated to be almost 61,000 in 2006, with a +3.1% increase across the three examined years. Overall incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants computed for clinical vertebral fractures was 195.23, but this value doubled between 75 and 95 years of age. In the same year 2006, a total of 56,129 humeral and 97038 forearm/wrist fractures, with a +5.5% and +3.9% increase across three years, respectively. Overall humeral fractures incidence per 100,000 was 180, with highest rates (up to 600 and over) observed in women between 75 and 95 years of age, while incidence per 100,000 computed for wrist fractures was 311, with top values observed in women between aged 55-85 years old - thus including early post-menopausal age group - and a peak in those between 75 and 79 years of age.CONCLUSIONS: The burden of major osteoporotic fractures in Italy is very high. Preventive strategies aimed to reduce fractures incidence should be carried out at regional level

Updated incidence rates of fragility fractures in Italy: extension study 2002-2008

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to update the incidence rates of major fragility fractures in Italy, including those which do not result systematically in hospital admissions, on the basis of hospitalization rates provided in our previous researches.METHODS: We analyzed italian national hospital discharge data from year 2002 to 2008 in order to determine age- and sex-specific incidence rates of hip, vertebral, humeral, and forearm fractures occurred in people aged 40 to 100 years of age. Re-hospitalizations of the same patients have been excluded from the analysis. Hospital discharge data have been adjusted taking into account recently published information concerning fracture-specific hospitalization rates.RESULTS: We estimated a total of 91,494 hip fractures in year 2008 among people aged 40 to 100 years old, with a +18.1% increase across the seven-year period. Women aged >75 years old (n=55,950) accounted for about 60% of total fractures observed both in males and females. Concerning males, the highest incidence was observed between 80 and 84 years old (about 5,000 hip fractures). Overall incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants computed for hip fractures was 283.5, with marked age- and sex-specific differences. Clinical vertebral fractures were estimated to be almost 61,000 in 2008, with a +6.3% increase over seven years. Overall incidence rate per 100,000 inhabitants computed for clinical vertebral fractures was 189.0, but this value doubled between 75 and 95 years of age. For the same year 2008, we estimated a total of 57,400 humeral and 94,000 forearm/wrist fractures, with a +13.2% and +0.7% increase over the seven-year period, respectively. Overall humeral fractures incidence per 100,000 was estimated in 178.0, with highest rates (up to 600 and over) observed in women between 75 and 95 years of age, while incidence per 100,000 for wrist fractures was computed in 298.0, with top values observed in women between aged 55 years old and over.CONCLUSION: The burden of major osteoporotic fractures in Italy is still increasing. Preventive strategies aimed to reduce fractures incidence should be carried out at regional level

Variabilidade genética entre acessos de pinhão-manso na fase juvenil.

O pinhão-manso está entre as oleaginosas que podem ser cultivadas para aumentar a produção de biodiesel. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a variabilidade genética entre acessos de pinhão-manso do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, com base em características tomadas na fase juvenil das plantas. Foram avaliados dez acessos de pinhão-manso, oriundos de diferentes locais, tomando-se para avaliação as características: altura de plantas, altura de inserção da primeira folha, diâmetro do caule e número de folhas. A análise estatística foi baseada em modelos mistos do tipo REML/BLUP. Os valores genotípicos preditos dos acessos foram utilizados na realização da análise multivariada para cômputo de distâncias genéticas entre procedências e agrupamento pelo método de Tocher. Os resultados indicaram a presença de considerável variabilidade entre os dez acessos. A herdabilidade de plantas individuais no sentido amplo foi baixa, porém para a herdabilidade da média de acesso foram obtidos altos coeficientes: 56% para altura de plantas, 82% para altura da primeira folha, 76% para diâmetro de caule e 89% para número de folhas. Tais valores indicam a possibilidade de grande precisão na seleção entre populações. No estudo da divergência, os acessos avaliados foram separados em dois grupos distintos: o primeiro grupo com sete acessos similares geneticamente, e o segundo com três acessos

Land Grabbing and Human Rights: the Involvement of European Corporate and Financial Entities in Land Grabbing outside the European Union

In early research on land grabbing, the initial focus was on foreign companies investing abroad, with a particular focus on those based in countries such as China, Gulf States, South Korea, and India. In recent years, it has become evident that the range of countries land investors originate in is far broader, and includes both North Atlantic - and EU-based actors. In this study, we offer both quantitative and qualitative data illustrating the involvement of EU-based corporate and financial entities in land deals occurring outside of the EU. This study also analyses the global land rush within a human rights framework, examining the implications of particular land deals involving EU-based investors and their impact on communities living in areas where the investments are taking place. The research presented here builds partly on Cotula’s 2014 study on the drivers and human rights implications of land grabbing, but differs in that it focuses explicitly on particular cases of possible, actual or potential human rights abuses and violations, in the context of activities involving European corporate and financial entities. In our conclusions, we offer a series of recommendations on how the EU can more effectively address these issues

Affiliative bonds and cruel behavior in childhood interspecific relationships: A conceptual framework on the psychodynamics of affect regulation

Background: Childhood interspecific relationships can be viewed as a mirror of the person’s capacity to interact with other living beings. The interspecific relationship can involve different attachment styles, affect regulation skills, transitional object dynamics, and self-awareness and mentalization processes. Yet interspecific relationships can also be disrupted, since they can be associated with cruel behavior toward animals, which is in turn related to possible psychopathology. Method: We provided a conceptual framework based on the literature addressing the interspecific relationship in both its adaptive and positive features as well as in its disrupted aspects. Discussion: Pets have often been regarded as attachment figures that can aid children in socialization and growth processes. They have been deemed to represent “social catalysts” that tend to facilitate human relationships, thus increasing prosocial behaviors. On the dark side of the pet-child interaction, childhood abuse of animals tends to be associated with behavioral and emotional problems that have been thought of as underlying psychopathology (e.g., conduct disorder and antisocial personality traits). Childhood cruelty to animals seems to accompany emotion dysregulation, poor social information processing, and low empathy. Conclusions: Since the child-pet relationship has substantial implications for the individual’s mental health and for the potential development of psychopathology, addressing children’s attitudes toward animals can aid in understanding the affective and emotional dimensions of their interpersonal experience

Degradabilidade in situ da silagem de quatro genótipos de sorgo com e sem tanino. II. Fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, hemicelulose e celulose.

Avaliaram-se a degradabilidade in situ da fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose e celulose da silagem de quatro genótipos de sorgo, dois com tanino (CMS XS 210 e BR 701) e dois sem tanino (CMS XS 214 e BR007) em um delineamento de blocos inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições (animais) em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas. Os genótipos constituíram as parcelas e os tempos de desaparecimento as subparcelas. O genótipo BR 701 apresentou maior degradação da FDN e da FDA até 24h de incubação e da hemicelulose até 48h, sendo os valores semelhantes após esses tempos. Não houve diferença entre genótipos e entre tempo quanto aos valores de desaparecimento da celulose

Process evaluation of animal assisted therapies with children: The role of the human-animal bond on the therapeutic alliance, depth of elaboration, and smoothness of sessions

Objective: The current study examined the change processes in three Animal Assisted Therapies (AATs) by assessing the relationship between the human-animal bond and the therapeutic alliance, depth of elaboration, and smoothness of treatment sessions. Methods: This was a retrospective study assessing videotaped AATs conducted with three children aged from 7 to 9 years old from the observer perspective. The AATs were based on the Federico II Model of Healthcare Zooanthropology, and each consisted in 8 sessions. A one-way analysis of variance and linear regression models was performed. Results: The human-animal bond, therapeutic alliance, depth of elaboration, and smoothness significantly improved during the sessions. Furthermore, the improvement in therapeutic dimensions proved to be a function of the increase in the human-animal bond. Conclusions: The findings have provided empirical evidence of the change processes occurring during AATs with children, offering some limited but specific insights into the interspecific relationship as a central axis of such treatments