The Use of The Word Splash Strategy in Vocabulary Enhancement at Junior High School Level

This paper explores using the word splash strategy to enhance vocabulary at the Junior High School Level. Some researchers have applied the word splash strategy to help students learn vocabulary. The research showed that by using the word splash strategy, students could effectively motivate learning vocabulary. Students showed evidence of learning by using the word splash strategy. Word Splash is a learning strategy that stimulates thinking around a topic. The Word Splash Strategy allows students to learn new words and ideas before they start reading and helps them figure out how the word might relate. This strategy can help students improve their vocabulary by allowing them to predict words before they read the passage and connect new words or ideas to the passage's main idea

Identifying adverse outcome pathways (AOP) for Amsterdam City Fish by integrated field monitoring

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this recordThe European City Fish project aimed to develop a generic methodology for ecological risk assessment for urban rivers. Since traditional methods only consider a small fraction of substances present in the water cycle, biological effect monitoring is required for a more reliable assessment of the pollution status. A major challenge for environmental risk assessment (ERA) is the application of adverse outcome pathways (AOP), i.e. the linking of pollutant exposure via early molecular and biochemical changes to physiological effects and, ultimately, effects on populations and ecosystems. We investigated the linkage between responses at these different levels. Many AOP aspects were investigated, from external and internal exposure to different classes of micropollutants, via molecular key events (MKE) the impacts on organs and organisms (fish physiology), to changes in the population dynamics of fish. Risk assessment procedures were evaluated by comparing environmental quality standards, bioassay responses, biomarkers in caged and feral fish, and the impact on fish populations. Although no complete AOP was observed, indirect relationships linking pollutant exposure via MKE to impaired locomotion were demonstrated at the most polluted site near a landfill for chemical waste. The pathway indicated that several upstream key events requiring energy for stress responses and toxic defence are likely to converge at a single common MKE: increased metabolic demands. Both fish biomarkers and the bioanalytical SIMONI strategy are valuable indicators for micropollutant risks to fish communities.City of AmsterdamEuropean UnionWaternet Institute for the Urban Water Cycle, Amsterda