Cd, Hg, Pb, and As in European species of wild growing forest landscape fungi : a review

Kadmij (Cd), živo srebro (Hg), svinec (Pb) in arzen (As) so kovine, ki se naravno ali kot posledica človekove dejavnosti pojavljajo v okolju, tudi v gozdni krajini, kjer so rastišča številnih evropskih vrst gliv. Namen članka je bil pripraviti pregled vrst in količin izbranih kovin v trosnjakih gliv terprimerjati lastne raziskave, opravljene v različno onesnaženih območjih v Sloveniji (Zgornja Mežiška, Šaleška in Poljanska dolina), s podatki evropskih raziskav. Vsebnosti kovin v trosnjakih gliv iz neonesnaženih območij pravilomanajdemo v naslednjih intervalih: <0,5 mg/kg suhe teže (Cd), < 0,5 mg/kg do 10 mg/kg suhe teže (Hg), < 0,5 mg/kg do 5 mg/kg suhe teže (Pb) in < 0,5 mg/kg do 1 (2) mg/kg suhe teže (As). Na podlagi pregleda vsebnosti izbranih kovin v trosnjakih gliv ugotavljamo, da sta problematični kovini predvsem Cd in Hg. Omenjeni kovini lahko dosegata velike vsebnosti celo v glivah, ki rastejo v neonesnaženih območjih. Za vse analizirane kovin je značilno, da v trosnjakih gliv iz močno onesnaženih območji dosegajo velike, celo ekstemne vsebnosti, ki nekajkrat prekoračujejo vsebnosti iz neonesnaženih območij. Upoštevaje primerjavo z evropskimi raziskavami ugotavljamo, da je Zgornja Mežiška dolina obremenjena s Pb in Cd, Šaleška dolina pa s Cd in As.Metals, which originate from anthropogenic and natural activities, frequently occur in forest landscape with habitats of many European species of wild growing fungi. The presented review focuses on cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) levels in fruiting bodies of wild growing European species of fungi of forest landscape. Furthermore, a comparison with studies of this kind performed in Slovenia was made with the aim to assess themetals levels in fungi from differently polluted areas in Slovenia (the Upper Meža Valley, the Šalek Valley, the Poljana Valley). The usual reported levels for most species grown in unpolluted areas are in the following ranges:Cd: < 0,5 mg/kg - 5 mg/kg dry weight (dw), Hg: < 0,5 mg/kg - 10 mg/kg dw, Pb: < 0,5 mg/kg - 5 mg/kg dw, As: < 0,5 mg/kg -1 (2) mg/kg dw (As), respectively. The presented data reveal that cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) have probably been the most detrimental trace elements in fruiting bodies, which can reach increased levels even in unpolluted areas. It is evident for all analyzed trace elements that values can considerably increase in fungi picked in severely polluted areas. According to data regarding Slovene studies and comparison with other European studies, it is obvious that the Šalek Valley is enriched with Cd and As, while the Upper Meža Valley is considerably polluted with Pb and Cd

Percent expression of each costimulatory molecule in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes.

<p>CD28 (A), CTLA-4 (B) and PD-1 (C) expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the peripheral blood of histiocytic sarcoma, other tumor, and control groups. Each dot represents a patient and the bar represents the median. <i>P</i>-values are shown. HS, histiocytic sarcoma.</p

Comparison of costimulatory molecules in dogs in the other tumor group with or without metastasis.

<p>Comparison of costimulatory molecules in dogs in the other tumor group with or without metastasis.</p

Comparison of costimulatory molecules in dogs with localized and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma.

<p>Comparison of costimulatory molecules in dogs with localized and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma.</p

Clinical information of samples.

<p>Clinical information of samples.</p

Evaluation of costimulatory molecules in dogs with B cell high grade lymphoma

<div><p>B cell high grade lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic malignancy in dogs. Although the immune checkpoint molecules, programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and immune checkpoint inhibitors have been evaluated for the treatment of various human lymphoid malignancies, the expression of those molecules and their relationship with prognosis remain unknown in canine lymphoma. The objective of this study was to evaluate the expression of costimulatory molecules on peripheral blood lymphocytes and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes, in addition to associated ligand expression in the lymph nodes of patients with B cell multicentric high grade lymphoma. Eighteen patients diagnosed with B cell high grade lymphoma and nine healthy control dogs were enrolled. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the expression of PD-1 on CD4+ peripheral and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes and CTLA-4 on CD4+ peripheral lymphocytes was significantly higher in the lymphoma group than in the control group. The expression level of <i>CD80</i> mRNA was significantly lower in the lymphoma group than in the control group. In contrast, there were no significant differences in <i>PD-L1</i>, <i>PD-L2</i>, and <i>CD86</i> expression between the groups. Dogs with CTLA-4 levels below the cutoff values, which were determined based on receiver operating characteristic curves, on peripheral CD4+, CD8+, and tumor infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes had significantly longer survival than dogs with values above the cutoff. Although it is uncertain whether the expression of immune checkpoint molecules affect the biological behavior of canine lymphoma, one possible explanation is that PD-1 and CTLA-4 might be associated with the suppression of antitumor immunity in dogs with B cell high grade lymphoma, particularly through CD4+ T cells.</p></div

Relative quantity of <i>PD-L1</i>, <i>PD-L2</i>, <i>CD80</i>, and <i>CD86</i> transcript levels in lymph node cells from dogs with B cell lymphoma and control animals.

<p>Expression of each target mRNA was obtained by real-time PCR, normalizing to the target gene <i>RPL13A</i>. Each dot represents a patient and the bar represents the median. P value is shown. ND, not detected.</p

Proportion of PD-1+ and CTLA-4+ cells in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte populations from dogs with B cell lymphoma and control animals.

<p>Results were obtained by performing flow cytometry. Each dot represents a patient and the bar represents the median. P values are shown.</p

Cutoff and area under the curve (AUC) values obtained from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each parameter.

<p>Cutoff and area under the curve (AUC) values obtained from receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for each parameter.</p

Clinical parameters of 18 dogs diagnosed with B cell lymphoma.

<p>Clinical parameters of 18 dogs diagnosed with B cell lymphoma.</p