54 research outputs found
A reversible phospho-switch mediated by ULK1 regulates the activity of autophagy protease ATG4B
Upon induction of autophagy, the ubiquitin-like protein LC3 is conjugated to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) on the inner and outer membrane of autophagosomes to allow cargo selection and autophagosome formation. LC3 undergoes two processing steps, the proteolytic cleavage of pro-LC3 and the de-lipidation of LC3-PE from autophagosomes, both executed by the same cysteine protease ATG4. How ATG4 activity is regulated to co-ordinate these events is currently unknown. Here we find that ULK1, a protein kinase activated at the autophagosome formation site, phosphorylates human ATG4B on serine 316. Phosphorylation at this residue results in inhibition of its catalytic activity in vitro and in vivo. On the other hand, phosphatase PP2A-PP2R3B can remove this inhibitory phosphorylation. We propose that the opposing activities of ULK1-mediated phosphorylation and PP2A-mediated dephosphorylation provide a phospho-switch that regulates the cellular activity of ATG4B to control LC3 processing
The biomass of New England peppermint (Eucalyptus nova-anglica) in relation to insect damage associated with rural dieback
THE EFFECT OF WIND ON PLANT GROWTH AND SOIL MOISTURE RELATIONS: A REPLY TO THE REASSESSMENT BY HUMPHRIES AND ROBERTS
Initiation and development of wound tissue and roots on hypocotyl cuttings of Pinus sylvestris in vitro
Productivity and mineral cycling in an oak coppice forest 1. Structure and phytomass of the forest
Productivity and mineral cycling in an oak coppice forest 2. Annual net production of the forest
EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD ON EARLY PERIDERM AND XYLEM DEVELOPMENT IN FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANIA, ROBINIA PSEUDOACACIA AND AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA SEEDLINGS
Differentiation of vegetation zones and species strategies in the subalpine region of Mt. Fuji
- …