Kinesins have a dual function in organizing microtubules during both tip growth and cytokinesis in Physcomitrella patens

Microtubules (MTs) play a crucial role in the anisotropic deposition of cell wall material, thereby affecting the direction of growth. A wide range of tip-growing cells display highly polarized cell growth, and MTs have been implicated in regulating directionality and expansion. However, the molecular machinery underlying MT dynamics in tip-growing plant cells remains unclear. Here, we show that highly dynamic MT bundles form cyclically in the polarized expansion zone of the moss Physcomitrella patens caulonemal cells through the coalescence of growing MT plus ends. Furthermore, the plant-specific kinesins (KINID1) that are is essential for the proper MT organization at cytokinesis also regulate the turnover of the tip MT bundles as well as the directionality and rate of cell growth. The plus ends of MTs grow toward the expansion zone, and KINID1 is necessary for the stability of a single coherent focus of MTs in the center of the zone, whose formation coincides with the accumulation of KINID1. We propose that KINID-dependent MT bundling is essential for the correct directionality of growth as well as for promoting growth per se. Our findings indicate that two localized cell wall deposition processes, tip growth and cytokinesis, previously believed to be functionally and evolutionarily distinct, share common and plant-specific MT regulatory components

チイキ スポーツ クラブ ニオケル ジシュテキ ウンエイ コウドウ ノ カノウセイ ト ゲンカイ

Community sport clubs are supported by club managers who include instructors，coaches， accountants and others. Their involvement in sport clubs were characterized by voluntary，gratuitous and public beneficial action which are supported to be important for developing community club service. The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference in the involvement among managers from Women's Volleyball Clubs (WVC)，Junior Sports Clubs (JSC) and Gateball Clubs (GC) in Tokushima and Okayama prefectures. The results are summarized as the followings: 1) Though managers devoted themselves to their club members，they had little interests in the comanagement with other club managers and in the organization of sport clubs in the community. 2) Most managers thought it unnecessary to be awarded money for their management. 3) Most managers thought they were too busy in handling works related to club management. They hope all members to participate in club management . 4) Managers felt the next three to be a burden; less devotion to their own occupation or less time to spend with their family，the difficulty in recruiting participants and the difficulty in coordinating different opinions among participants. 5) Managers thought it worth being involved in club management. It was because they could have chances to be acquainted with avariety of people，to grow themselves up as a community volunteer and to get members' trusts

ドイツ スポーツ ユーゲント ニヨル セイショウネン イクセイ ジギョウ ノ テンカイ

The Deutsuche Sportjugend (dsj) is the biggest a youth organization in Germany. The dsj is protecting the interests of the youth members in all sports clubs, is developing the project to support by the youth sport as social work to the youth problems, and has obtained the reliance from the local community. This study examined the effects of collaboration between the State-dsj and the City-dsj in executing the social projects which support the young in local community by investigating of interview to the dsj staff. The results were as follows: 1) The dsj had the program execution power of the class system; the Federation-dsj planning a policy, the State-dsj managing a program, and the City-dsj executing a project. 2) The dsj had the basic concept of projects that participants can make a self-decision in a social work. 3) The City-dsj had executed projects for a juvenile vagrant by collaborating to the other youth support organizations in local community, be assisted by the program of the State-dsj. 4) This social work has contributed to achieving the social responsibility of dsj in local community, and raising skills of a young club manager to manage the youth project. 5) Although the power in which a youth program of the State-dsj specifies the project of City-dsj strongly works, it is adjusted by the principle in which priority is given to low-ranking public responsibility

Septins promote dendrite and axon development by negatively regulating microtubule stability via HDAC6-mediated deacetylation

Neurite growth requires two guanine nucleotide-binding protein polymers of tubulins and septins. However, whether and how those cytoskeletal systems are coordinated was unknown. Here we show that the acute knockdown or knockout of the pivotal septin subunit SEPT7 from cerebrocortical neurons impairs their interhemispheric and cerebrospinal axon projections and dendritogenesis in perinatal mice, when the microtubules are severely hyperacetylated. The resulting hyperstabilization and growth retardation of microtubules are demonstrated in vitro. The phenotypic similarity between SEPT7 depletion and the pharmacological inhibition of α-tubulin deacetylase HDAC6 reveals that HDAC6 requires SEPT7 not for its enzymatic activity, but to associate with acetylated α-tubulin. These and other findings indicate that septins provide a physical scaffold for HDAC6 to achieve efficient microtubule deacetylation, thereby negatively regulating microtubule stability to an optimal level for neuritogenesis. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying the HDAC6-mediated coupling of the two ubiquitous cytoskeletal systems during neural development

A Highly Photostable Near-Infrared Labeling Agent Based on a Phospha-rhodamine for Long-Term and Deep Imaging

AbstractVarious fluorescence microscopy techniques require bright NIR‐emitting fluorophores with high chemical and photostability. Now, the significant performance improvement of phosphorus‐substituted rhodamine dyes (PORs) upon substitution at the 9‐position with a 2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl group is reported. The thus obtained dye PREX 710 was used to stain mitochondria in living cells, which allowed long‐term and three‐color imaging in the vis‐NIR range. Moreover, the high fluorescence longevity of PREX 710 allows tracking a dye‐labeled biomolecule by single‐molecule microscopy under physiological conditions. Deep imaging of blood vessels in mice brain has also been achieved using the bright NIR‐emitting PREX 710‐dextran conjugate

A case of mucinous adenocarcinoma of the duodenum and literature review of 16 cases reported in Japan

　Primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the duodenum is rare. Here we report a case we recently encountered, and we review 16 cases reported in Japan. An 82-year-old Japanese woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of abdominal pain and heartburn. An endoscopic examination revealed a Type 2 tumor in the descending limb of the duodenum, and endoscopically obtained specimens revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. We performed a curative pancreatoduodenectomy with lymph node resection, and the surgical specimen revealed that the duodenum was the primary site of the mucinous adenocarcinoma. The patient is currently alive ＞ 1 year after the operation without any evidence of recurrence. Of the 16 patients reviewed, all patients had advanced tumors those depth were T3-T4. 9 patients had lymph node metastasis and 4 patients had peritoneal dissemination at the time of surgery. Since mucinous adenocarcinoma of the duodenum is often progressive cancer at a diagnosis, which is tend to have a worse prognosis than other histological types