Consideration on the relationship of theoretical ultraviolet cut-off energy with experimental data

We formulated a field theory by using localized basis functions in space-time elements, which are obtained by dividing the space-time continuum into irregular hyper-octahedra (orthoplexes). Each field is expressed as a linear combination of the scalar basis functions (whose derivatives can be expressed in terms of the Dirac delta function) with rotationally invariant coefficients. Using this formalism mapped to continuum theory with its corresponding ultraviolet cut-off energy, the cosmological constant was related to the cut-off energy of the quadratic Higgs self-energy. Using current particle-cosmological particle and cosmological data, this study determines the Minkowski cut-off energy. From the literature, examinations find an experimental break in the cosmic ray energy spectrum called a 'knee' at about 3 PeV, which agrees with this theoretical ultraviolet cut-off energy. The origin of cosmic rays is understood astrophysically below 1 PeV, while it is unclear above 3 PeV. By analogy to solid state physics, additional energy contributions from basis functions may result in the tail of the energy spectrum above the cut-off energy. The basis functions reproduce experimental spectra above the ultraviolet cut-off energy. The knee is caused by the diffuse scattering of cosmic rays by the irregular space-time lattice. Since this diffuse scattering indicates high scattering probabilities for particles with a tiny/zero rest mass, this theory is consistent with the absence of any experimental detection of photons and neutrinos above about the knee energy.Comment: v1: 7 pages; v2: Sec. 3 and related parts revised; v3: Secs. 1 and 3 and related parts revised; v4: Secs. 3 and 4 and related parts revised; v5: a few improvements made to Abstract and related parts in Secs. 1, 3 and 4; v6: Sec. 3 and related parts modified; v7: some changes in wording and English language editing performe

Who gains from capital market integration: Tax competition between unionized and non-unionized countries

The welfare effects of capital market integration are examined under a model of tax competition with two asymmetric countries. The asymmetry is expressed through the labor market: one country has a perfect labor market whereas the other country is unionized. Our results show that the welfare effects of capital market integration are different depending on whether governments play an active role in attracting capital: in the absence of active governments, the capital market integration benefits the country with a competitive labor market and harms the unionized country. If the governments are active and compete for mobile capital using tax/subsidy, the market integration benefits both countries. The governmentfs incentive to participate in a tax/subsidy game is also examined in the integrated capital market. We find that the unionized country always prefers to participate in the tax/subsidy game, but the non-unionized country avoids the game if it is a capital importer.Capital Market Integration, Capital Mobility, Tax Competition, Trade Unions, Welfare.

Control and performance of a flywheel energy storage system based on a doubly-fed induction generator-motor for power conditioning

A flywheel energy storage system based on a doubly-fed induction generator-motor basically consists of a wound-rotor induction machine and a cycloconverter or a voltage-source PWM rectifier-inverter which is used as an AC exciter. Adjusting the rotor speed makes the generator-motor either release the kinetic energy to the power system or absorb it from the utility grid. Thus, the generator-motor has the capability of achieving not only reactive power control, but also active power control based on the flywheel effect of the rotating parts. This paper proposes a new control strategy for a doubly-fed induction generator-motor, which is characterized by the combination of vector control and decoupling control. The control strategy enables the induction generator-motor to perform active power control independent of reactive power control even in transient states. The validity of the theory developed in this paper, along with the effectiveness and viability of the control strategy, is confirmed by computer simulation. In addition, this paper discusses a transient behavior of a magnetizing current in the induction machine</p