The Uses of Herbaria in Botanical Research: A Review Based on Evidence From Argentina

Botanists, a section of the broad universe of researchers in Biology, are intensive users of herbaria. Presumably, all botanists use herbaria, with greater or lesser frequency and intensity, in the development of their research. In this article, we will try to prove this statement. For this purpose, an institutional history of Botany and herbaria in Argentina is presented. This study will also show that there are other fields of knowledge in which the herbarium has a role as an input, or data source, for research (e.g. agronomy, ethnobotany, medicine). On the other hand, it will be demonstrated that, in addition to the uses of the herbarium in basic science, this institution has a crucial role in the knowledge and preservation of biodiversity, and in the improvement of species for commercial use.Fil: Lopez, Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; ArgentinaFil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin

New circumscription of the tribe Leucocoryneae (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)

Sobre la base de estudios morfológicos, anatómicos y filogenéticos de la subfamilia Allioideae, se presenta una nueva circunscripción de la tribu Leucocoryneae que comprende seis géneros americanos:Beauverdia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum, Tristagma y Zoellnerallium. Se incluye una sinopsis de la tribu Leucocoryneae con su descripción (enmendada), una clave para diferenciar las tribus y una clave de los géneros de Leucocoryneae, sus descripciones y distribución geográfica.Based on morphological, anatomical, and phylogenetic studies within subfamily Allioideae, a new circumscription of tribe Leucocoryneae is presented including six American genera: Beauverdia, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum, Tristagma and Zoellnerallium. A synopsis of tribe Leucocoryneae, comprising its description (as amended), a key to tribes, a key to genera within Leucocoryneae, genera descriptions and their geographical distribution are included.Fil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Arroyo Leuenberger, Silvia C.. Botanischer Garten Und Botanisches Museum Berlin-dahlem; AlemaniaFil: Giussani, Liliana Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin

Genomic, karyological and morphological changes of South American garlics (Ipheion) provide insights into mechanisms of speciation in the Pampean region

Speciation proceeds through mechanisms that promote reproductive isolation and shape the extent of genetic variation in natural populations, and thus its study is essential to understand the evolutionary processes leading to increased biodiversity. Chromosomal rearrangements are known to facilitate reproductive isolation by hybrid sterility and favour speciation events. The genus Ipheion (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae) is unique as its species exhibit a remarkable karyological variability but lack population-level genetic data. To unveil the diversification processes acting upon the formation of new lineages within Ipheion in the Pampas of South America, we combined morphology and karyology approaches with genotyping-by-sequencing. Our phylogenomic and population genomics results supported the taxonomic division of Ipheion into three morphological and genetically well-differentiated groups. The origin of Ipheion uniflorum was traced back to its current southern distribution area in the southern Pampean region (in Argentina), from where it had expanded to the north reaching Uruguay. Our results further suggested that chromosome rearrangements and ploidy shifts had triggered speciation events, first during the origin of I. uniflorum and later during its subsequent diversification into I. recurvifolium and I. tweedieanum, in both cases reinforced by extrinsic factors and biogeographical settings. The current study illustrates the analytical power of multidisciplinary approaches integrating phylo- and population genomics with classic analyses to reveal evolutionary processes in plants.Fil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; AlemaniaFil: Hojsgaard, Diego H.. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; AlemaniaFil: Giussani, Liliana Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Brassac, Jonathan. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; AlemaniaFil: Blattner, Frank R.. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; Alemani

Distribution models and morphometric analyses as additional tools for the study of diversification in Deyeuxia velutina, an Andean grass species

Rúgolo de Agrasar recognized two varieties of Deyeuxia velutina (D. velutina var. velutina andD. velutina var. nardifolia) based on leaf sheath indumentum, lemma length, and leaf blade direction.However, taxonomic delimitation has been difficult due to occasional overlapping characters. To assessthe infraspecific delimitation of D. velutina, we present a comprehensive study combining morphometricanalyses and a potential distribution model. To explore morphological variation and select diagnosticcharacters, we measured 124 morphological characters in 52 specimens of both varieties and performeda principal coordinate analysis and univariate analyses (Analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis nonparametrictest). Both taxa resolved as separate morphological groups. Additionally, a DiscriminantAnalysis was performed to classify the individuals in the predetermined morphological groups. Formodeling the species distribution, 26 specimens of D. velutina var. nardifolia and 68 of D. velutinavar. velutina were georeferenced and 20 environmental variables were analyzed through a MaximumEntropy model. Deyeuxia velutina extends in the high Andean region from Peru to southern Argentina and Chile. Both varieties differed in their geographical limits, a result supported by regression analyses of latitude and longitude on the principal coordinates of the PCoA. Deyeuxia velutina var. nardifolia is restricted to the northern area of distribution while D. velutina var. velutina showed a higher habitat suitability in the southern region. Moreover, D. velutina var. nardifolia is here reported for the first time in San Juan province (Argentina), constituting the austral limit of its geographical distribution. Additional reliable morphological characters were considered in an updated key to the varieties.Rúgolo de Agrasar reconoció dos variedades de Deyeuxia velutina (D. velutina var. velutina y D. velutina var. nardifolia) basándose en el indumento de las vainas, la longitud de la lemma, y la dirección de las hojas. Sin embargo, su delimitación taxonómica ha sido dificultosa debido a la superposición ocasional de estos caracteres. A fin de evaluar la delimitación infraespecífica de D. velutina, presentamos un estudio exhaustivo que combina análisis morfométrico y modelos de distribución potencial. Para explorar la variación morfológica y seleccionar caracteres diagnósticos, medimos 124 caracteres morfológicos en 52 especímenes de ambas variedades y realizamos un Análisis de Coordenadas Principales y análisis univariados (análisis de la varianza y la prueba no paramétrica de KruskalWallis). Ambos taxones resolvieron como grupos morfológicos definidos. Adicionalmente, se realizó un análisis discriminante para clasificar los individuos en los grupos morfológicos predeterminados. Con el fin de modelar la distribución de la especie, se georreferenciaron 26 especímenes de D. velutina var. nardifolia y 68 de D. velutina var. velutina y se analizaron 20 variables ambientales a través del Modelo de Máxima Entropía. Deyeuxia velutina se extiende en regiones altoandinas desde Perú hasta el sur de Argentina y Chile. Ambas variedades difieren en su distribución geográfica; el análisis de regresión de la latitud y longitud en relación con las coordenadas principales del PCoA confirmó esta diferenciación. Deyeuxia velutina var. nardifolia está restringida a la zona norte de la distribución, mientras que D. velutina var. velutina mostró mayor probabilidad de presencia en la región sur. Por otra parte, D. velutina var. nardifolia es reportada aquí por primera vez en la provincia de San Juan (Argentina), lo que constituye el límite austral de su distribución geográfica. Se consideraron caracteres morfológicos adicionales en una clave actualizada de las variedades.Fil: Ferrero, María de Los Ángeles. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentina. Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research; AlemaniaFil: Giussani, Liliana Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Vega, Andrea Susana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Agronomía. Departamento de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Acordando de um sono de cem anos: uma nova espécie de Nothoscordum (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae) da Floresta Atlântica brasileira

Introdução e objetivos: A Serra do Itapetinga abriga um dos mais importantes remanescentes de Floresta Atlântica da Macrometrópole Paulista, a região mais populosa do Brasil. No contexto do tratamento monográfico de Nothoscordum para o país, uma nova espécie com distribuição atual restrita à Serra do Itapetinga foi identificada, e é aqui descrita e ilustrada. M&M: O reconhecimento da nova espécie está baseado tanto em dados morfológicos como moleculares e citogenéticos. As descrições e comparações morfológicas foram feitas a partir da análise de materiais vivos ou depositados nas coleções dos herbários consultados. Com base em marcadores nuclear (ITS) e plastidiais (ndhF e matK) uma filogenia molecular incluindo a espécie descrita é apresentada. O seu estado de conservação foi avaliado de acordo com diretrizes e critérios da IUCN. Resultados: Nothoscordum itapetinga apresenta filamentos estaminais não fundidos na base, uma característica típica da seção Nothoscordum. Seu posicionamento nesta seção também é suportado por dados moleculares e o número cromossômico básico. São fornecidos seu número cromossômico, fórmula cariotípica e conteúdo total de DNA. Comentários sobre sua distribuição, hábitat e conservação são apresentados. Conclusões: Com base nos dados disponíveis, a nova espécie é considerada Criticamente em Perigo de extinção. As localidades de ocorrência sofreram por décadas com os impactos decorrentes do uso intensivo e não ordenado, além de incêndios florestais, e que alteraram parte de sua estrutura e composição florística. Somados aos esforços para a localização de registros adicionais, ações urgentes de proteção e conservação são consideradas fundamentais para garantir a sobrevivência dos acessos remanescentes de N. itapetinga

Reconstructing the phylogenetic history of the tribe Leucocoryneae (Allioideae): Reticulate evolution and diversification in South America

At present, the Allioideae is included within the Amaryllidaceae, which is an economically important bulb crop subfamily that includes onion, garlic, and ornamental species worldwide. The Allioideae includes four tribes geographically disjunct namely: Allieae, widespread in the northern hemisphere, tribe Tulbaghieae distributed in South Africa, and tribes Leucocoryneae and Gilliesieae are endemic to South America. Although we agree with the current tribal circumscription of the Leucocoryneae including Beauverdia, Ipheion, Latace, Leucocoryne, Nothoscordum, and Tristagma, there are still taxonomic and phylogenetic uncertainties regarding the monophyly, phylogenetic relationships, and divergence time of several lineages in a biogeographic context. In this study, a comprehensive molecular phylogeny of the tribe Leucocoryneae was inferred based on nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid (ndhF and matK) sequences. We used Bayesian inference and maximum parsimony analyses to predict ancestor-descendant relationships. Our results confirmed the monophyly of the four tribes of subfamily Allioideae. Similarly, within the Leucocoryneae, Ipheion, Leucocoryne, and Nothosocordum Sect. Inodorum were also monophyletic; Tristagma and Nothoscordum would be monophyletic if including Ipheion and Beauverdia, respectively. Network analyses were implemented to reveal putative scenarios of reticulate evolution. Both, current and ancestral hybridization events have presumably occurred among species of Nothoscordum Sect. Nothoscordum and Beauverdia favored by spatial overlapping of populations, flowering synchrony and a puzzling pattern of cytogenetic attributes. The estimation of divergence time indicates that the tribe Leucocoryneae originated in the Late Oligocene in southern South America with possible ancestors in Africa. Most crown lineages within the tribe diversified in conjunction with biogeographical events during the Late Miocene to Pliocene. We posit that new suitable environments available after the Andean uplift and during the Age of the Southern Plains provided the favorable geographic setting for the major lineages of Leucocoryneae in southern Pampas, extra-Andean Patagonia, Andean mountains, and in Chile. Hybridization, polyploidization, and Robertsonian translocations of chromosomes have been the driving forces and major sources of speciation in the evolution of tribe Leucocoryneae.Fil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Giussani, Liliana Mónica. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin

Sisyrinchium humahuacense of sect. Segetia a new species from Argentina

A new species from the Andean region of northwestern Argentina is described and illustrated: Sisyrinchium humahuacense. This species can be distinguish from its closest related species by three main characters: the presence of a conspicuous horizontal rhizome, the colour of the flowers and the presence of rudimentary leaves not splitting in fibers. A phylogenetic analysis based on DNA sequences supported the inclusion of S. humahuacense within the genus and as part of the section Segetia. Also, a key to species to identify S. humahuacense is presented herein.Fil: Zanotti, Christian Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin

Leaflet shape in the endemic South American Oxalis sect. Alpinae: An integrative approach using molecular phylogenetics and geometric morphometrics

Oxalis section Alpinae grows along the Andes, from Ecuador to the austral part of the South American continent. Across the section, leaves are always trifoliolate, but leaflets exhibit wide diversity in shape and size and have often been used as a diagnostic character. This study provides a comprehensive morphometric and phylogenetic framework of Oxalis sect. Alpinae. Thus, the shapes of 312 leaflets representing 14 species of O. sect. Alpinae are examined and elliptic Fourier analysis is used, which is a morphometric approach for the comparison of outlines in order to recognize patterns in shape evolution and to assess if the leaflets are an accurate diagnostic character at the species level. Moreover, a new molecular phylogenetic reconstruction is provided, and it is compared with the morphological space. The leaflet shape diversity cannot be fully explained by phylogenetic relations among species. However, different patterns of shape evolution can be distinguished, and there might be a spectrum from evolutionary lability to the conservatism of shape.Fil: Morello, Santiago. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: López, Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Mar del Plata; Argentin

An annotated checklist of the genus Tristagma (Amaryllidaceae, Allioideae)

Tristagma is a South American genus distributed in Argentina and Chile. Species circumscription in Tristagma has been a source of confusion for various reasons; e.g., generic concepts, nomenclatural inconsistencies, and doubtful species. As a first step towards a revision of Tristagma, the nomenclatural history is reviewed. Following an extensive review of specimens in various American and European herbaria, a generic description and a list of names and their types are here provided. Thirteen names are lectotypified, seven are synonymized, three holotypes are identified for the first time, one neotype is designated, a new combination is made, and 12 species are recognized: T. ameghinoi, T. anemophilum, T. berteroi, T. bivalve, T. circinatum, T. gracile, T. graminifolium, T. nivale, T. patagonicum, T. poeppigianum, T. porrifolium, and T. violaceum. A new record of the flora of Chile: T. circinatum is also reported. Additionally, five doubtful species are mentioned and three are excluded from Tristagma. Another five species names referred in the literature to Tristagma have already been transferred to other genera. We also provide conservation assessments, distribution maps and an identification key to species.Fil: Arroyo Leuenberger, Silvia C.. Freie Universität Berlin, Königin; ArgentinaFil: Sassone, Agostina Belén. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; Argentin