The Neuronal Migration Factor srGAP2 Achieves Specificity in Ligand Binding through a Two-Component Molecular Mechanism

SummarysrGAP proteins regulate cell migration and morphogenesis by shaping the structure and dynamics of the cytoskeleton and membranes. First discovered as intracellular effectors for the Robo1 axon-guidance receptor, srGAPs were later identified as interacting with several other nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. In all these cases, the srGAP SH3 domain mediates protein-protein interactions by recognizing a short proline-rich segment on the cognate-binding partner. However, as interactions between the isolated SH3 domain and a selected set of ligands show weak affinity and low specificity, it is not clear how srGAPs are precisely recruited to their signaling sites. Here, we report a two-component molecular mechanism that regulates ligand binding to srGAP2 by on the one hand dramatically tightening their association and on the other, moderately autoinhibiting and restricting binding. Our results allow the design of point mutations for better probing of srGAP2 activities, and may facilitate the identification of new srGAP2 ligands

A Common Ca2+-Driven Interdomain Module Governs Eukaryotic NCX Regulation

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX) proteins mediate Ca2+-fluxes across the cell membrane to maintain Ca2+ homeostasis in many cell types. Eukaryotic NCX contains Ca2+-binding regulatory domains, CBD1 and CBD2. Ca2+ binding to a primary sensor (Ca3-Ca4 sites) on CBD1 activates mammalian NCXs, whereas CALX, a Drosophila NCX ortholog, displays an inhibitory response to regulatory Ca2+. To further elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanisms, we determined the 2.7 Å crystal structure of mammalian CBD12-E454K, a two-domain construct that retains wild-type properties. In conjunction with stopped-flow kinetics and SAXS (small-angle X-ray scattering) analyses of CBD12 mutants, we show that Ca2+ binding to Ca3-Ca4 sites tethers the domains via a network of interdomain salt-bridges. This Ca2+-driven interdomain switch controls slow dissociation of “occluded” Ca2+ from the primary sensor and thus dictates Ca2+ sensing dynamics. In the Ca2+-bound conformation, the interdomain angle of CBD12 is very similar in NCX and CALX, meaning that the interdomain distances cannot account for regulatory diversity in NCX and CALX. Since the two-domain interface is nearly identical among eukaryotic NCXs, including CALX, we suggest that the Ca2+-driven interdomain switch described here represents a general mechanism for initial conduction of regulatory signals in NCX variants

Ancient origins of RGK protein function: modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels preceded the protostome and deuterostome split.

RGK proteins, Gem, Rad, Rem1, and Rem2, are members of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins that interact with Ca2+ channel β subunits to modify voltage-gated Ca2+ channel function. In addition, RGK proteins affect several cellular processes such as cytoskeletal rearrangement, neuronal dendritic complexity, and synapse formation. To probe the phylogenetic origins of RGK protein-Ca2+ channel interactions, we identified potential RGK-like protein homologs in genomes for genetically diverse organisms from both the deuterostome and protostome animal superphyla. RGK-like protein homologs cloned from Danio rerio (zebrafish) and Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) expressed in mammalian sympathetic neurons decreased Ca2+ current density as reported for expression of mammalian RGK proteins. Sequence alignments from evolutionarily diverse organisms spanning the protostome/deuterostome divide revealed conservation of residues within the RGK G-domain involved in RGK protein--Cavβ subunit interaction. In addition, the C-terminal eleven residues were highly conserved and constituted a signature sequence unique to RGK proteins but of unknown function. Taken together, these data suggest that RGK proteins, and the ability to modify Ca2+ channel function, arose from an ancestor predating the protostomes split from deuterostomes approximately 550 million years ago

Structure of the CBD12 tandem.

<p>(A) Crystal structure of CBD12-E454K in cartoon representation. CBD1 and CBD2 are colored orange and red, respectively. The rectangles frame a zoom perspective as depicted in panels B (blue), C (magenta) and D (green). Green and blue spheres depict Ca²⁺ ions and water molecules, respectively. Dotted black lines denote electron density chain breaks in the protein. (B–D) Residues with buried surfaces in the interface are depicted as sticks, with their electron density contoured at 1.5 σ (blue mesh).</p

Ca²⁺ binding sites.

<p>Ca²⁺ coordination in the CBD12-E454K crystal structure (orange) and in the CBD1-WT crystal structure (cyan, PDB 2DPK). Residues coordinating Ca²⁺ are depicted as sticks.</p

Superposition of CBD12 from NCX and CALX.

<p>The structures of CBD12-E454K from NCX1 and of CBD12-1.1 and CBD12-1.2 from CALX (PDB codes 3RB5 and 3RB7, respectively) are colored cyan, black and green, respectively. The indicated values represent the hinge angle between CBD1 and 2 as defined by Cα atoms K373, H501 and E647 (NCX CBD12-E454K) and R443, H553 and I692 (CALX CBD12-1.1 and CBD12-1.2).</p

Stopped flow analysis of CBD12-E454K and CBD12-R532A

<p>. (A) Monophasic (uncoupled CBDs) and biphasic (coupled CBDs) dissociation kinetics of two Ca²⁺ ions from the Ca3-Ca4 sites, measured by stopped-flow techniques. Occupied sites are denoted by filled circles, whereas open circles represent empty sites. (B) Representative traces of Ca²⁺ dissociation kinetics from CBD12-WT, CBD12-E454K and CBD12-R532A. Ca²⁺ dissociation kinetics of CBD12-WT were fit to a double exponential curve with <i>k_f</i> = 5.3±0.04 s⁻¹ and <i>k_s</i> = 0.57±0.001 s⁻¹. The trace of CBD12-E454K was fit to a double exponential curve with <i>k_f</i> = 52.2±1.04 s⁻¹ and <i>k_s</i> = 0.73±0.001 s⁻¹. The representative trace of CBD12-R532A was fit to a single exponential curve with <i>k_f</i> = 3.6±0.01 s⁻¹. (C) Bars represent the mean ± S.E values of the “fast” phase (<i>k_f</i>) of Ca²⁺ dissociation (n = 6) and the mean ± S.E of slow off-rates (<i>k_s</i>) (n = 6). For CBD12-R532A, in which monophasic dissociation is observed, <i>k</i>_f and <i>k</i>_s are identical.</p

Crystallographic statistics.

*<p>after anisotropic scaling.</p

D_max and <i>k</i>_s values of CBD12 mutants.

<p>Ca²⁺ -bound and -free refers to SAXS measurements performed in the presence of 10 mM CaCl₂ or EDTA, respectively. <i>k</i>_s values are the mean ± SEM from 6 independent measurements derived from stopped-flow experiments and represent the slowest rate constant measured.</p