PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SELECTIVE WEIGHTED LINEAR PARALLEL INTERFERENCE CANCELLATION SCHEME FOR MC-CDMA SYSTEM

ABSTRACT A novel Selective Weighted Linear Parallel Interference Cancellation (SWLPIC) technique is proposed to reduce the interference (degrading effect) on a desired user caused by other users sharing the same channel in a Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access (MC-CDMA) system. The SWLPIC technique cancels the interference using WLPIC on selected users whose instantaneous Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR) exceed certain threshold on Rayleigh fading channels in each subcarrier. In WLPIC the multi access interference (MAI) are estimated and cancelled based on the soft outputs of individual subcarriers. The MAI estimate of individual subcarriers is scaled by a weight before cancellation. Also, the SIR for each subcarrier is determined and an expression for the optimum threshold is derived by optimizing the approximate expression for the SIR. The interference cancelled outputs of different subcarriers are then combined to form the final decision statistic. The simulation results show that the SWLPIC technique outperforms over matched filter (MF) detector and conventional Linear PIC (LPIC). Also the performance of SWLPIC approaches weighted LPIC (WLPIC)

Preparation, characterization, and application of titanium nano-tube array in dye-sensitized solar cells

The vertically orientated TiO2 nanotube array (TNA) decorated with TiO2 nano-particles was successfully fabricated by electrochemically anodizing titanium (Ti) foils followed by Ti-precursor post-treatment and annealing process. The TNA morphology characterized by SEM and TEM was found to be filled with TiO2 nano-particles interior and exterior of the TiO2 nano-tubes after titanium (IV) n-butoxide (TnB) treatment, whereas TiO2 nano-particles were only found inside of TiO2 nano-tubes upon titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) treatment. The efficiency in TNA-based DSSCs was improved by both TnB and TiCl4 treatment presumably due to the increase of dye adsorption

The Role of Internet of Things (IoT) in Hydel Energy Sector- Perspectives

The integration of renewable energy and the optimization of energy use are crucial components of sustainable energy transitions aimed at mitigating climate change. Modern technology, notably the Internet of Things (IoT), offers a myriad of applications within the energy sector, spanning energy supply, transmission and distribution, and demand. IoT holds the potential to enhance energy efficiency, boost the share of renewable energy sources, and reduce the environmental impact of energy consumption. This review article synthesizes existing literature on IoT applications in Hydelenergy systems, with a particular focus on smart grids. Furthermore, it delves into the enabling technologies of IoT, including cloud computing and data analysis platforms. Challenges in deploying IoT in the energy sector, such as privacy and security concerns, are also addressed, with proposed solutions like blockchain technology. This review serves as a comprehensive resource for energy policymakers, economists, and managers, providing insights into IoT’s role in optimizing policymakers, economists, and managers, providing insights into IoT’s role in optimizing energy systems

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems: An Integrated Approach to Rural Electrification

In recent years, there has been a marked shift in focus towards sustainable and renewable energy solutions, particularly in the context of developing nations. This article explores the immense potential of hybrid renewable energy (RE) systems for ushering in a transformative change in electrifying remote and rural areas within these countries. The importance of such endeavours becomes paramount as a multitude of nations globally seek strategies to diminish carbon footprints. Renewable energy systems, combining sources such as solar, wind, hydro, and biomass, emerge as crucial assets in this drive, especially when considering regions that remain largely isolated from major electrical grids. The growing emphasis on research in this domain, coupled with favourable policies, signifies a promising trajectory for RE in developing nations. Such hybrid models, by capitalising on the diverse spectrum of renewable resources at hand, are on the brink of initiating a revolution in rural electrification strategies. This review accentuates the urgency and significance of rapidly integrating these avant-garde systems, setting the stage for a future that is not only environmentally conscious but also ensures broader and more equitable access to energy

Assessment of cataract surgical outcomes in settings where follow-up is poor: PRECOG, a multicentre observational study

Background Poor follow-up after cataract surgery in developing countries makes assessment of operative quality uncertain. We aimed to assess two strategies to measure visual outcome: recording the visual acuity of all patients 3 or fewer days postoperatively (early postoperative assessment), and recording that of only those patients who returned for the fi nal follow-up examination after 40 or more days without additional prompting. Methods Each of 40 centres in ten countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America recruited 40–120 consecutive surgical cataract patients. Operative-eye best-corrected visual acuity and uncorrected visual acuity were recorded before surgery, 3 or fewer days postoperatively, and 40 or more days postoperatively. Clinics logged whether each patient had returned for the fi nal follow-up examination without additional prompting, had to be actively encouraged to return, or had to be examined at home. Visual outcome for each centre was defi ned as the proportion of patients with uncorrected visual acuity of 6/18 or better minus the proportion with uncorrected visual acuity of 6/60 or worse, and was calculated for each participating hospital with results from the early assessment of all patients and the late assessment of only those returning unprompted, with results from the fi nal follow-up assessment for all patients used as the standard. Findings Of 3708 participants, 3441 (93%) had fi nal follow-up vision data recorded 40 or more days after surgery, 1831 of whom (51% of the 3581 total participants for whom mode of follow-up was recorded) had returned to the clinic without additional prompting. Visual outcome by hospital from early postoperative and fi nal follow-up assessment for all patients were highly correlated (Spearman’s rs=0·74, p<0·0001). Visual outcome from fi nal followup assessment for all patients and for only those who returned without additional prompting were also highly correlated (rs=0·86, p<0·0001), even for the 17 hospitals with unprompted return rates of less than 50% (rs=0·71, p=0·002). When we divided hospitals into top 25%, middle 50%, and bottom 25% by visual outcome, classifi cation based on fi nal follow-up assessment for all patients was the same as that based on early postoperative assessment for 27 (68%) of 40 centres, and the same as that based on data from patients who returned without additional prompting in 31 (84%) of 37 centres. Use of glasses to optimise vision at the time of the early and late examinations did not further improve the correlations. Interpretation Early vision assessment for all patients and follow-up assessment only for patients who return to the clinic without prompting are valid measures of operative quality in settings where follow-up is poor

Preparation of Smooth Surface TiO 2

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on a TiO2 photoanode have been considered as an alternative source in the field of renewable energy resources. In DSSCs, photoanode plays a key role to achieve excellent photo-to-electric conversion efficiency. The surface morphology, surface area, TiO2 crystal phase, and the dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles are the most important factors influencing the properties of a photoanode. The smooth TiO2 surface morphology of the photoanode indicates closely packed arrangement of TiO2 particles which enhance the light harvesting efficiency of the cell. In this paper, a smooth TiO2 photoanode has been successfully prepared using a well-dispersed anatase TiO2 nanosol via a simple hydrothermal process. The above TiO2 photoanode was then compared with the photoanode made from commercial TiO2 nanoparticle pastes. The morphological and structural analyses of both the aforementioned photoanodes were comprehensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. The DSSC fabricated by using a-TiO2 nanosol-based photoelectrode exhibited an overall light conversion efficiency of 7.20% and a short-circuit current density of 13.34 mA cm−2, which was significantly higher than those of the DSSCs with the TiO2 nanoparticles-based electrodes

Spectrum of chlorophyll mutations and morphological variations in Abelmoschus esculentus L. induced through gamma radiation

Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench], is an economically exploited important traditional vegetable crop of the world. The present investigation examined the variability in induced chlorophyll mutants and othermorphological variations in okra. Seeds of two open pollinated popular varieties of okra namely Arka Anamika and Arka Abhay were irradiated with gamma doses of 30, 50 and 80 kR. The treatment 50 kR enhanced plant height, number of fruits per plant, fruit length, single fruit weight and total fruit yield per plant. Spectrum of several chlorophyll mutants were observed in the M1 generation. Other macro-mutants such as early and late flowering types, dwarf statured plants, leaf and flower mutants were also noticed at different doses of gamma radiation. The total number of visible mutation followed a trend of increasing frequency with the increase in dose of radiation

Increasing sustainable cataract services in sub-Saharan Africa: an experimental initiative

To begin to meet the need for cataract surgery in sub-Saharan Africa, the cataract surgical rate (CSR) should be at least 2,000 to 3,000; i.e. there should be 2,000-3,000 cataract operations per million population, per year. The current levels are below 1,000 (and often much lower). Sub-Saharan Africa poses a unique set of challenges: low population density; inadequate transportation systems that inhibit access; big differences in wealth; and a shortage of eye care resources (which are usually concentrated in larger cities). Additional issues relate to productivity, the supply chain and the quality of outcomes, all of which contribute to the low cataract surgical rates. It is in this context that the Hilton Foundation sought to enhance cataract surgical services in sub-Saharan Africa, through the Hilton Cataract Initiative

Speed Breeding- An Emerging Trend in Crop Improvement

During the past century, traditional breeding programs resulted in several significantly better types in a variety of unique breeding programs around the world. The plant develops slowly because of the lengthy breeding cycle, which can take ten to fifteen years from the cross to cultivar release. That stated it is quite difficult to combine multiple polygenic traits using traditional breeding methods. Speed breeding is a technique that reduces the length of the breeding cycle by lengthening the photoperiod and adjusting other glasshouse growth factors like temperature, soil type, spacing, etc. Rapid generational advancement is made possible by this strategy. Speed breeding yields 3 to 9 generations annually as opposed to 1 to 2 generations annually using standard selection processes. Instead of 2-3 generations per year under typical glasshouse conditions, speed breeding can produce up to 6 generations per year for spring wheat, durum wheat, barley, chickpea, and pea, and 4 generations for canola. Speed breeding, thus, permits the rapid generation of stable and homozygous genotypes