Cheating is evolutionarily assimilated with cooperation in the continuous snowdrift game

It is well known that in contrast to the Prisoner's Dilemma, the snowdrift game can lead to a stable coexistence of cooperators and cheaters. Recent theoretical evidence on the snowdrift game suggests that gradual evolution for individuals choosing to contribute in continuous degrees can result in the social diversification to a 100% contribution and 0% contribution through so-called evolutionary branching. Until now, however, game-theoretical studies have shed little light on the evolutionary dynamics and consequences of the loss of diversity in strategy. Here we analyze continuous snowdrift games with quadratic payoff functions in dimorphic populations. Subsequently, conditions are clarified under which gradual evolution can lead a population consisting of those with 100% contribution and those with 0% contribution to merge into one species with an intermediate contribution level. The key finding is that the continuous snowdrift game is more likely to lead to assimilation of different cooperation levels rather than maintenance of diversity. Importantly, this implies that allowing the gradual evolution of cooperative behavior can facilitate social inequity aversion in joint ventures that otherwise could cause conflicts that are based on commonly accepted notions of fairness.Comment: 30 pages, 3 tables, 5 figure

The Original Text of the Buddhist Canon from Kitanokyōōdō Hall（北野経王堂一切経）（１）: About the main original text

The Buddhist Canon from Kitanokyōōdō Hall（北野経王堂一切経）were written in 1412. The purpose of this paper is to clarify those original texts. My research led to the next conclusions. １． Most of the original text of Dai-Hannya-kyō（大般若経） is the Korai saichouhan（高麗再雕版）. ２．Most of the original text of besides the Dai-Hannya-kyō（大般若経） is the Song-dynasty Sixi Edition of the Buddhist Canon（宋版一切経思渓版）. ３．The center account（版心記） of Dai-Hannya-kyō（大般若経）461st of the Korai Edition of the Buddhist Canon（高麗再雕版） was copied by this Buddhist Canon（北野経王堂一切経）. ４．Se-Shin（世真） which was the name of the Buddhist Canon（高麗再雕版） engraver was also copied . ５．When there was not the Song-dynasty Sixi Edition of the Buddhist Canon（宋版一切経思渓版）, Kaiyuan temple Edition of the Buddhist Canon（宋版一切経開元寺版） was used secondarily

親鸞聖人の漢字音に見られる諸相 <記念講演>

本稿は、平成25年11月5日（火）の龍谷大学真宗学会第67回大会（龍谷大学大宮学舎・清和館3階ホール）における講演を文章化し、補足したものである。また、講演後の質疑は、編集部に作成いただいた原稿をもとにしている

A Kanji Index to Shinran's Bussetsu Amida-kyo and Bussetsu Kanmuryoju-kyo (Part 1 of 3)

Shinran's Bussetsu Amida-kyo and Bussetsu Kanmuryoju-kyo were transcribed around 1200 by one of the greatest religionist in Japan, Shinran, 1173-1262. The kana and accent marks were added beside the kanji by Shinran. These marks indicate the pronunciation of the kanji at the beginning of the 13th century. The pronunciation of most of the kanji belongs to go on (呉音). The two Buddhist scriptures were reproduced in photostat as the seventh volume of the complete works of Shinran, Shinran Shonin Shinseeki Shusei, and they are available for the further research. It is believed that their value will be increased by the index compiled by the present writer. The rest of the index will be carried on and after the next volume of this Bulletin