Theory of Salt-Water Movement in Iwaki River Mouth

Source: ICHE Conference Archive - https://mdi-de.baw.de/icheArchiv

The Effect of Incentives and Meta-incentives on the Evolution of Cooperation

Although positive incentives for cooperators and/or negative incentives for free-riders in social dilemmas play an important role in maintaining cooperation, there is still the outstanding issue of who should pay the cost of incentives. The second-order free-rider problem, in which players who do not provide the incentives dominate in a game, is a well-known academic challenge. In order to meet this challenge, we devise and analyze a meta-incentive game that integrates positive incentives (rewards) and negative incentives (punishments) with second-order incentives, which are incentives for other players' incentives. The critical assumption of our model is that players who tend to provide incentives to other players for their cooperative or non-cooperative behavior also tend to provide incentives to their incentive behaviors. In this paper, we solve the replicator dynamics for a simple version of the game and analytically categorize the game types into four groups. We find that the second-order free-rider problem is completely resolved without any third-order or higher (meta) incentive under the assumption. To do so, a second-order costly incentive, which is given individually (peer-to-peer) after playing donation games, is needed. The paper concludes that (1) second-order incentives for first-order reward are necessary for cooperative regimes, (2) a system without first-order rewards cannot maintain a cooperative regime, (3) a system with first-order rewards and no incentives for rewards is the worst because it never reaches cooperation, and (4) a system with rewards for incentives is more likely to be a cooperative regime than a system with punishments for incentives when the cost-effect ratio of incentives is sufficiently large. This solution is general and strong in the sense that the game does not need any centralized institution or proactive system for incentives. (authors' abstract

An isotope study of hot springs in Nagano Prefecture

Water samples from 28 hotsprings and mineral springs in Nagano Prefecture, central Japan, were examined for their stable isotope ratios of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and sulfur. Spring waters of Kashio are highly saline and enriched in heavy isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen (δ(18)O=-2.5～-4.6‰, δD=-54～-57‰). Linear relationships among δD, δ(18)O, and Cl(-) suggest that spring waters are the mixtures of a deep brine and local surface water. Extrapolation of the linear relationships indicates that the deep brine is both isotopically and chemically very similar to the deep brine previously suggested for the springs of Arima, Takarazuka, and Ishibotoke of which δD, δ(18)O, and Cl(-) are estimated as -33‰, +8.0‰, and 44g/l, respectively. A common origin may be warranted among these postulated brines, while their provenance is yet to be worked out. The hot springs in Matsushiro are a Na-Ca-Cl type of high carbonate content. Their hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios (δD=-71～-46‰, δ(18)O=-9.1～-2.0‰) are higher than the local surface water. On the basis of the relationships among δD, δ(18)O, and Cl(-), they are considered to be the mixtures of fossil sea water and certain water of meteoric origin of which Cl(-) is about 4g/l and δ(18)O is higher by about 3‰ than the local surface water. The latter may be meteoric water circulating in the marine sedimentary formations (Green Tuff formations) with soluble sea salts. Isotopic exchange with carbonate minerals in the formations explains its (18)O enrichment. Spring waters from Yashio and Isobe (Gunma Pref.) as well as Yunosawa and Yatate (Akita Pref.) were previously interpreted to be mixtures of fossil sea water and local surface water of low Cl(-) content. Re-examination of their data revealed that the meteoric waters responsible for these springs contain about 3g/l Cl(-), similar to the value obtained for Matsushiro. However, unlike Matsushiro, the meteoric waters in these areas are found to be isotopically similar to the local surface waters. Waters from other hot springs studied here are of simply meteoric origin, thus belonging to the GreenTuff type water previously defined

A DEVELOPMENT OF A MUA TO MAKE PICTOGRAPH MAIL FOR CHILDREN

In recent years, children have begun using computers actively. With this situation, they are beginning to learn how to operate a mail user agent (Hereafter, called MUA) to adaptation to an information society. However, the user interface of general MUAs is not designed with them in mind. Specifically, many unnecessary menu items exist on the user interface of general MUAs. Moreover, the menu text contains many difficult characters (called Kanji) in Japan. In this situation, it is difficult to say that children could learn how to operate the MUA without being confused by the complex user interface. We consider it to be important that even children who have not learned Kanji can use the user interface. To solve this issue, we have developed a MUA that has a simple user interface only represented in Hiragana. In order to create a simple user interface for child use, it is necessary to reduce the number of menu items. Along with this, the number of available functions on this MUA has decreased. However, we think it is rather important to prevent the confusion and unexpected behavior of children. It is also necessary to devise a function to make an e-mail to attract the interest of them. Therefore, we have implemented a function to generate pictograph mail easily.We are using the XML-based User Interface Language (Hereafter, called XUL) to build a user interface for children. It is a language used to build the user interface of Mozilla applications like Firefox and Thunderbird. By using it, we can customize the user interface of Thunderbird to fit any purpose. By these improvements, we think children will be able to use the MUA actively and with enjoyment without falling into confusion