Optimization for the Production of Cellulase Enzyme from Municipal Solid Waste Residue by Two Novel Cellulolytic Fungi

The main purpose of this study is to reduce the production cost of cellulase by optimizing the production medium and using an alternative carbon source such as municipal solid waste residue. In the present investigation, we aim to isolate the two novel cellulase producing fungi (Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma sp.) from municipal solid waste. Municipal solid waste residue (4-5% (w/v)) and peptone and yeast extract (1.0% (w/v)) were found to be the best combination of carbon and nitrogen sources for the production of cellulase by A. niger and Trichoderma sp. Optimum temperature and pH of the medium for the cellulase production by A. niger were 40°C and 6-7, whereas those for the production of cellulase by Trichoderma sp. were 45°C and 6.5. Cellulase production from A. niger and Trichoderma sp. can be an advantage as the enzyme production rate is normally higher as compared to other fungi

A review on systematic study of cellulose

This review attempts to bring together basic and systematic information which has been gathered on cellulose structure, types, principally that of native cellulose, over the last few decades. Even though advances have been made in the field of crystallography, powder crystallography cannot yield a definitive cellulose structure and single crystal diffraction is not possible due to the lack of suitable crystals. Knowledge obtained on the biosynthesis of native cellulose and on the polymorphy of cellulose and its derivatives help our understanding of ultrastructure. Many inconsistencies between early crystallographic studies of native cellulose have been clarified by the discovery that two polymorphs (á and â) of cellulose I exist. Models of the possible ultrastructural arrangements within native cellulose have been put forward over the decades; with advancement in technology, computer simulations of small and large systems are being created to test the viability of these ultrastructural models. It is hoped that this review will aid in the understanding of the complexity and uncertainties that still exist in this subject

Diversity of Cellulolytic Microbes and the Biodegradation of Municipal Solid Waste by a Potential Strain

Municipal solid waste contains high amounts of cellulose, which is an ideal organic waste for the growth of most of microorganism as well as composting by potential microbes. In the present study, Congo red test was performed for screening of microorganism, and, after selecting a potential strains, it was further used for biodegradation of organic municipal solid waste. Forty nine out of the 250 different microbes tested (165 belong to fungi and 85 to bacteria) produced cellulase enzyme and among these Trichoderma viride was found to be a potential strain in the secondary screening. During the biodegradation of organic waste, after 60 days, the average weight losses were 20.10% in the plates and 33.35% in the piles. There was an increase in pH until 20 days. pH however, stabilized after 30 days in the piles. Temperature also stabilized as the composting process progressed in the piles. The high temperature continued until 30 days of decomposition, after which the temperature dropped to 40°C and below during the maturation. Good quality compost was obtained in 60 days

Evolution of Composting as a Strategy for Managing Organic Municipal Solid Wastes in Central India

Abstract: Studies were conducted at Regional office, Madhya Pradesh pollution Control Board and Rani Durgavati University to evaluate the quality of municipal and agricultural waste under aerobic and anaerobic composting. Composting methods with enrichment techniques were adopted with two methods (Aerobic and Anaerobic) and seven treatments in each method. The samples of the aerobic were drawn after 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 days after composting and in anaerobic compost samples were drawn after 50 days of compost. Effect of bio-inorganic carbonulum (Fungal Consortium), chemical amendments (2% P2O5 and 1% N) and method of composting on organic carbon, C/N ratio, pH, EC and total nutrient status during composting was determined in aerobic and anaerobic composts. The organic carbon, C/N ratio decreased significantly during maturation of the compost irrespective of treatments and method of composting. High organic carbon was recorded in 100 % urban solid waste (USW) compost in both the methods. It ranged from 20.15 % to 24.0 % in aerobic matured compost and from 21.5 to 23.25 in anaerobic matured compost. 100 % agricultural waste (AW) compost had lower C:N ratio 18.65 and 17.47 in aerobic and anaerobic composts, respectively than 100 % USW compost (19.20 to 18.02 in aerobic and anaerobic compost, respectively). Where as the nitrogen content was increased from 0.78 % to 1.29 % in 100 % urban waste compost and 0.75 % to 1.23 % in 100 % agricultural compost. R organic carbon k phosphate treated composts in both methods enhanced the total P content with maximum of 0.89 % in both aerobic and anaerobic composts. There was gradual increase of total potassium content from initial status of 0.44 to 0.64%

IPA-Open access -Distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License 2.0 Municipal solid waste management in Indian cities -A review

ABSTRACT Agricultural application of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), as nutrient source for plants and as soil conditioner, is the most cost-effective option of MSW management because of its advantages over traditional means such as landfilling or incineration. However, agricultural application of MSW can lead to a potential environmental threat due to the presence of pathogens and toxic pollutants. Composting is an attractive alternative of MSW recycling. Application of MSW compost (MSWC) in agricultural soils can directly alter soil physicochemical properties as well as promote plant growth. The soil microbial biomass, considered as the living part of soil organic matter, is very closely related to the soil organic matter content in many arable agricultural soils. Numerous studies, with different MSWC amendment doses on different soil types and under different water regimes revealed no detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass. In this review, we show the state of art about the effects of MSWC amendment on soil microbial biomass

Recovery of value-added products from biowaste: A review.

This review provides an update on the state-of-the art technologies for the valorization of solid waste and its mechanism to generate various bio-products. The organic content of these wastes can be easily utilized by the microbes and produce value-added compounds. Microbial fermentation techniques can be utilized for developing waste biorefinery processes. The utilization of lignocellulosic and plastics wastes for the generation of carbon sources for microbial utilization after pre-processing steps will make the process a multi-product biorefinery. The C1 and C2 gases generated from different industries could also be utilized by various microbes, and this will help to control global warming. The review seeks to expand expertise about the potential application through several perspectives, factors influencing remediation, issues, and prospects