Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Largest HIV-1 CRF02_AG Outbreak in Spain: Evidence for Onward Transmissions

Background and Aim: The circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) is the predominant clade among the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) non-Bs with a prevalence of 5.97% (95% Confidence Interval-CI: 5.41–6.57%) across Spain. Our aim was to estimate the levels of regional clustering for CRF02_AG and the spatiotemporal characteristics of the largest CRF02_AG subepidemic in Spain.Methods: We studied 396 CRF02_AG sequences obtained from HIV-1 diagnosed patients during 2000–2014 from 10 autonomous communities of Spain. Phylogenetic analysis was performed on the 391 CRF02_AG sequences along with all globally sampled CRF02_AG sequences (N = 3,302) as references. Phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis was performed to the largest CRF02_AG monophyletic cluster by a Bayesian method in BEAST v1.8.0 and by reconstructing ancestral states using the criterion of parsimony in Mesquite v3.4, respectively.Results: The HIV-1 CRF02_AG prevalence differed across Spanish autonomous communities we sampled from (p < 0.001). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that 52.7% of the CRF02_AG sequences formed 56 monophyletic clusters, with a range of 2–79 sequences. The CRF02_AG regional dispersal differed across Spain (p = 0.003), as suggested by monophyletic clustering. For the largest monophyletic cluster (subepidemic) (N = 79), 49.4% of the clustered sequences originated from Madrid, while most sequences (51.9%) had been obtained from men having sex with men (MSM). Molecular clock analysis suggested that the origin (tMRCA) of the CRF02_AG subepidemic was in 2002 (median estimate; 95% Highest Posterior Density-HPD interval: 1999–2004). Additionally, we found significant clustering within the CRF02_AG subepidemic according to the ethnic origin.Conclusion: CRF02_AG has been introduced as a result of multiple introductions in Spain, following regional dispersal in several cases. We showed that CRF02_AG transmissions were mostly due to regional dispersal in Spain. The hot-spot for the largest CRF02_AG regional subepidemic in Spain was in Madrid associated with MSM transmission risk group. The existence of subepidemics suggest that several spillovers occurred from Madrid to other areas. CRF02_AG sequences from Hispanics were clustered in a separate subclade suggesting no linkage between the local and Hispanic subepidemics

Los Colores de la Salud

Trabajo presentado al VIII Congreso de Comunicación Social de la Ciencia (CCSC): "Bienestar Planetario", celebrado en Barcelona entre el 29 de septiembre y el 1 de octubre (2021)Peer reviewe

Eje temático 1.-Contornos

RESUMEN CONTORNOS se trata de un videomapping desarrollado para las asignaturas Activismo y nuevos medios y Arte Sonoro, tutorizadas por Emilio Martínez Arroyo y Miguel Molina Alarcón respectivamente. Fue proyectado el pasado febrero sobre la fachada del Centro de Lenguas de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia y el pasado 15 de mayo dentro del evento Poliniza Dos XII Trobada d’Art Urbà UPV 2017. A través del lenguaje del videomapping, CONTORNOS determina los movimientos migratorios masivos en zonas de conflicto, visibilizando problemáticas actuales como el caso de México y Estados Unidos, las vallas de Ceuta y Melilla o los refugiados sirios. La intención del proyecto es alterar la superficie proyectada como muro o frontera a traspasar, disponiendo las figuras humanas como siluetas para, de este modo, despersonalizar al propio individuo y aportar una mirada homogénea, global y transcultural de los distintos colectivos que transitan esta brutal realidad. El proyecto CONTORNOS consiste en una serie de animaciones mapeadas sobre la fachada del Centro de Lenguas de la UPV cuyo hilo narrativo hace testigo al espectador de la violencia acaecida en territorios fronterizos. La metodología empleada es, en primer lugar, el análisis crítico del contexto sociopolítico actual referente a la migración en zonas fronterizas conflictivas que se está dando actualmente en varios lugares del planeta, trasladando esa problemática hacia una mirada estética, eje primordial de la narración audiovisual. La creación del audiovisual es multidisciplinar ya que abarca técnicas que van desde el croma, la animación, la simulación 3D o el arte sonoro. El resultado trata de hacer cómplice al espectador de una evidencia clandestina, masiva y furtiva en ese borde, esa línea, ese contorno... esa “tierra de nadie”.ABSTRACT CONTORNOS is a videomapping developed for the subjects Activism and new media and Sound Art, tutored by Emilio Martínez Arroyo and Miguel Molina Alarcón respectively. It was projected last February on the building facade of the Language Center of the Universitat Politécnica de Valencia and this May 15th inside the event Poliniza Dos XII Trobada d'Art Urbà UPV 2017. Through the language of videomapping, CONTORNOS determines massive migratory movements in areas of conflict, making current problems visible such as the case of Mexico and the United States, the hurdles of Ceuta and Melilla or the Syrian refugees. The intention of the project is to alter the surface projecting a wall or border to be crossed, displaying the human figures as silhouettes in order to depersonalize the individual and provide a homogenous, global and cross cultural view of the different groups that experience this brutal reality. The project CONTORNOS consists of a series of animations mapped on the facade of the Center of Languages of the UPV whose narrative makes the spectator a witness of the violence that has occurred in border territories. The methodology used is, first of all, the critical analysis of the current sociopolitical context regarding migration in conflicting border areas that is currently taking place in various parts of the planet, exposing this problem aesthetically, being the main axis of audiovisual narrative. The creation of the audiovisual is multidisciplinary as it covers techniques ranging from chroma, animation, 3D simulation or sound art. The result tries to make the spectator a complicit of the clandestine, massive and furtive evidence on that border, that line, that outline... that "nobody's land"