Relay intercropping of soybean into oat

The study was undertaken to investigate the potential of relay intercropping soybean into oat in Iowa. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum soybean planting date, row spacing, cultivar and oat harvesting date in an oat-soybean relay intercropping system. Two experiments were carried out in 1983, 1984, and 1985. Experiment I included three cropping system row spacings and three soybean planting dates. Experiment II included three soybean cultivars, three cropping system row spacings, and three oat harvesting dates;Relay intercropping soybean into oat significantly reduced grain yields of oat and soybean. The oat plant characters measured were not significantly affected by cropping systems. On the contrary, relay intercropping decreased the performance of all soybean plant characters except for number of branches per plant. Alteration of cropping system row spacing did not affect any soybean plant character, but significantly affected oat grain yield and test weight. The greatest oat grain yield and test weight were obtained when soybean was relay interplanted in 25-cm cropping system row spacing;Neither soybean planting date nor soybean cultivar had a significant effect on oat plant characters. The opposite was true for soybean plant characters. The earlier the soybean planting date, the greater the grain yield and the larger the seed size of soybean. Soybean cultivar significantly affected soybean plant characters measured, but not the grain yield and soybean plant height at oat harvest. Pella soybean had greater seed weight and plant height than Hobbit and Asgrow 3127 soybean. Regardless of soybean cultivar, the greatest soybean grain yield, seed weight, and plant height were achieved when soybean was relay interplanted in 51-cm row spacing;Oat harvest at physiological maturity resulted in greater oat grain yield and other plant characters as compared to harvest at harvest maturity. For soybean, the earlier the oat was harvested, the greater the soybean yield and seed weight;Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values revealed that LER was not affected by either soybean cultivar, soybean row spacing, or oat harvesting date. The LER value of more than unity obtained from this research indicates that relay intercropping of soybean into oat has potential for Iowa

The Development of an Effective Program for Promoting the Model of Active Aging in Thailand Utilizing a Care Prevention Program from Japan（タイにおけるアクティブエイジングの促進を図るための効果的なプログラム開発－日本の介護予防事業プログラムの活用を通して－）

日本社会事業大学202

Socialization concepts and educational management development to create Muslim citizenship through private Islamic schools in the Southern Border Provinces of Thailand

The socialization concept is a part of concept that causes the people or citizens to have the characteristics needed by the community or society. The school is an important institution of socialization through educational managements by creating a learning processes aimed at changing human behaviors and attitudes into the planned valuable and desirable directions. In addition, educational managements have created the foundations of ways of thinking, actions or interactions involving individuals and their societies. Therefore, if there is a proper education or socialization process, it will lead to quality of education and citizenship. This article originated from reviewing relevant documents by reviewing socialization concepts and educational management developments of Muslims through private Islamic schools in the southern border provinces of Thailand before 1961 until the present. It reflects the developments of socialization in order to create a Muslim citizenship and the socialization processes to be in line with the government educational management policies. But at the same time, the socialization processes also maintain the identity of the Muslims in Thailand

Effects of local film properties on the nucleation and growth of tin whiskers and hillocks

Whiskers and hillocks grow spontaneously on Pb-free Sn electrodeposited films as a response to thin film stresses. Stress relaxation occurs by atom deposition to specific grain boundaries in the plane of the film, with hillocks being formed when grain boundary migration accompanies growth out of the plane of the film. The implication for whisker formation in electronics is serious: whiskers can grow to be millimeters long, sometimes causing short circuiting between adjacent components and, thereby, posing serious electrical reliability risks. In order to develop more effective whisker mitigation strategies, a predictive physics-based model has been needed. A growth model is developed, based on grain boundary faceting, localized Coble creep, as well as grain boundary sliding for whiskers, and grain boundary sliding with shear induced grain boundary migration for hillocks. In this model of whisker formation, two mechanisms are important: accretion of atoms by Coble creep on grain boundary planes normal to the growth direction inducing a grain boundary shear and grain boundary sliding in the direction of whisker growth. The model accurately captures the importance of the geometry of surface grains —shallow grains on film surfaces whose depths are significantly less than their in-plane grain sizes. A critical factor in the analysis is the ratio of the grain boundary sliding coefficient to the in-plane film compressive stress. If the accretion-induced shear stresses are not coupled to grain boundary motion and sliding occurs, a whisker forms. If the shear stress is coupled to grain boundary migration, a hillock forms. Based on this model, long whiskers grow from shallow surface grains with easy grain boundary sliding in the direction of growth. Other observed growth morphologies will be discussed in light of our model. Additional insights into the preferred sites for whisker and hillock growth were developed based on elastic anisotropy, local film microstructure, grain misorientation, and elastic strain energy density (ESED) as the driving force for growth. Local grain orientations and strains measured by synchrotron micro-diffraction in regions containing whiskers or hillocks were compared with elastic finite element analysis simulations, including Sn elastic anisotropy. Whisker and hillock grains were observed to have higher crystallographic misorientations with neighboring grains than generally observed in the microstructure. While elastic simulations predicted higher local out-of-plane elastic strains and ESEDs for whisker and hillock grains, synchrotron measurements of out-of-plane strains of whisker and hillock grains after growth showed relaxation, with correspondingly low ESEDs calculated from measured strains. This suggests that, before whisker or hillock formation, highly misoriented grains with high out-of-plane elastic strains and ESEDs relative to their neighbors determined, at least in part, which grains became whiskers or hillocks. Based on the models and experiments in this thesis, a clearer picture emerges of the necessary and sufficient conditions for tin whisker and hillock formation in thin films

Relay intercropping of soybean into oat

The study was undertaken to investigate the potential of relay intercropping soybean into oat in Iowa. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum soybean planting date, row spacing, cultivar and oat harvesting date in an oat-soybean relay intercropping system. Two experiments were carried out in 1983, 1984, and 1985. Experiment I included three cropping system row spacings and three soybean planting dates. Experiment II included three soybean cultivars, three cropping system row spacings, and three oat harvesting dates;Relay intercropping soybean into oat significantly reduced grain yields of oat and soybean. The oat plant characters measured were not significantly affected by cropping systems. On the contrary, relay intercropping decreased the performance of all soybean plant characters except for number of branches per plant. Alteration of cropping system row spacing did not affect any soybean plant character, but significantly affected oat grain yield and test weight. The greatest oat grain yield and test weight were obtained when soybean was relay interplanted in 25-cm cropping system row spacing;Neither soybean planting date nor soybean cultivar had a significant effect on oat plant characters. The opposite was true for soybean plant characters. The earlier the soybean planting date, the greater the grain yield and the larger the seed size of soybean. Soybean cultivar significantly affected soybean plant characters measured, but not the grain yield and soybean plant height at oat harvest. Pella soybean had greater seed weight and plant height than Hobbit and Asgrow 3127 soybean. Regardless of soybean cultivar, the greatest soybean grain yield, seed weight, and plant height were achieved when soybean was relay interplanted in 51-cm row spacing;Oat harvest at physiological maturity resulted in greater oat grain yield and other plant characters as compared to harvest at harvest maturity. For soybean, the earlier the oat was harvested, the greater the soybean yield and seed weight;Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values revealed that LER was not affected by either soybean cultivar, soybean row spacing, or oat harvesting date. The LER value of more than unity obtained from this research indicates that relay intercropping of soybean into oat has potential for Iowa.</p

Costume Development Model for Tourism Promotion in Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand

This research aims to study Pha Bong community’s dressing style and to develop a new ethnic costume that shows their identity to promote tourism in the province. Pha Bong Community is a community in Maehongson Province where two ethnic groups, people of Tai Yai (Shan) and Sakor Karen, co-exist. The data collection methods include focus group and in-depth interview with target population, small group discussion and review of literature on costume development. The obtained data were then submitted to content analysis. First, it was found that they both have their own identity, resources, network marketing and inherited wisdom from their ancestors. Each group runs their business separately. Secondly, the research resulted in the creation of a new costume for the Pha Bong community created by members of two ethnic groups. This costume combines Karen symbol with Tai Yai (Shan) clothing style. The motif and pattern of the fabric identify community members’ lifestyle, belief and value. It is recommended that development should be planned upon available resource and the need of the community. In addition, the community leader should encourage members to take parts in management and to cooperate for a sustainable development

Allelopathic effects of corn and soybean on subsequent corn crop

Different corn hybrids and soybean cultivars were tested for their allelopathic effects on the subsequent corn yield. Three planting dates were imposed on a mid-season hybrid or cultivar so that the developmental stage effect of corn or soybean could be evaluated. The residues of corn and soybean were either removed or incorporated into the soil. On the average, corn and soybean did not significantly affect the subsequent corn yield. The difference between yields of corn in a continuous corn and corn following soybean was mainly due to the inhibitory allelopathic effect of the previous corn. Maturity type and hybrid of corn, associated with plant size, were the prime factors affecting the subsequent corn yield. Late corn hybrid and mid-season corn hybrid planted on May 15 strongly depressed grain yield of the subsequent corn. For the mid-season corn hybrid, the more progress the developmental stage of corn toward maturity, the stronger the inhibitory effect. Soybean cultivars did not affect the subsequent corn yield. Nevertheless, there was a slight increase in grain yield of the subsequent corn caused by soybean;When the data were compared to 100% for oat control plots, the results indicate that the late corn hybrid obviously reduced the subsequent corn yield and all soybean cultivars increased grain yield of the subsequent corn. Either the corn residue removed or incorporated affected the subsequent corn yield similar to oat. For soybean, either the residue was removed or incorporated, grain yield of the subsequent corn was increased, as compared to oat control plots;Using the Lemna bioassay to detect the allelochemicals in the extracts of soil from the previous corn and soybean plots was unsuccessful. The results from the two years studied were sometimes contradictory. In general the highest extract concentration from both corn and soybean was inhibitory to Lemna growth;A study was conducted to determine if intercropping soybean into corn increased the grain yield of the subsequent corn by means of stimulatory allelochemicals. Three soybean cultivars with three corn to soybean ratios were used. Intercropping did not affect the grain yield of the subsequent corn. Evidence from the study suggests that certain management practices may be recognized and employed to increase yield of the second year corn.</p

Effect of Biodiversity to Control Diseases and Insect Harms of Vegetables in Organic Farming in the Tropics

フィリピンやタイでの作物や果樹の混植栽培で,病虫害が予想以上に抑制される現象に着目し,タイ国チェンマイ市郊外の堀割りや木立ちに囲まれた水田跡地に,各小面積に植えた野菜数種類を混作する栽培を年間3作,2年間継続して,病虫害をこみにした被害率が89%から2年後に6%に低下する事実を認めた.被害率が最初の20%まで低下した期間は1.5年(18カ月)で,これが東京付近で経験的に自他ともに認められる病虫害が減少する3年間の1/2であること,また年間平均気温がチェンマイで26℃,東京で16℃で温度差の10℃から,Q_=2の温度反応式を満たすことを認め,有機農業の継続栽培による病虫害の減少が,地上・地下の多様な生物の集団の抑制作用によることを推定した.また,混作の継続により虫害が病害より早く減少し,雨期に乾期より病虫害が低下することを観察した.さらに生物多様性の進化の理論から,有機農業における生物多様性による病虫害抑制作用は養・水分が補給される限り,時間的に進行することを理解した