Does economic development cause intra-industry trade? The case of India: 1971 to 2000

India’s intra-industry trade (IIT) is evaluated and analyzed from 1971 to 2000. IIT is found to have an upward trend with a growth rate that is close to the growth rate of GNP. A host of macro economic indicators are cointegrated with IIT suggesting that there is a stable relationship between IIT and the level of economic development of India. The causation of this relationship is not however unidirectional as the existing theoretical literature on IIT suggests. There is bi-directional causality for these variables. This implies that though economic development boosts IIT, it can equally be interpreted as a proxy for economic development and a predictor of future industrial progress rather than one that strictly follows it.Intra Industry Trade; Economic Development; Causality

Pollution Control Instruments in the Presence of an Informal Sector

We examines the challenges faced by the regulator in managing pollution when there is a linkage between a formal and an informal industrial sector across the stages of production. The formal sector is more productive than the informal sector and the latter saves cost by evading pollution regulation due to incomplete monitoring. This creates a natural tendency for the more polluting processes to be concentrated in the informal sector. We show the unintended effects of the standard Pigouvian tax (emission fee), which might lead to further deterioration by encouraging the shift of stages in favour of the informal sector. Instead, we propose a second-best hybrid instrument, comprised of a tax on polluting input and a subsidy on proper disposal of residual waste.Emissions tax, informal sector, pollution control, vertical production.

Eco-system Complementarities and Urban Encroachment: A SWOT Analysis of the East Kolkata Wetlands, India

To understand the complex process caused by the plants, microorganisms, soil matrix and substances in the wastewater and their interactions with sunshine in a hot and humid climate, researchers from different corners of the globe are taking keen interest in the functioning of the East Kolkata Wetland (EKW) as a tutorial ecosystem. However, due to excessive pressure of urban sprawl of Kolkata, a densely populated metropolitan city, this system is facing some threats to sustenance over the decades. This paper attempts to illustrate the inherent nature of eco-system complementarities between the city of Kolkata and EKW, threats imparted by the recent urban developments, inadequacy of the regulatory initiatives taken for its protection and would indicate the untapped opportunities as well as weaknesses, by carrying out a SWOT analysis

Does economic development cause intra-industry trade? The case of India: 1971 to 2000

India’s intra-industry trade (IIT) is evaluated and analyzed from 1971 to 2000. IIT is found to have an upward trend with a growth rate that is close to the growth rate of GNP. A host of macro economic indicators are cointegrated with IIT suggesting that there is a stable relationship between IIT and the level of economic development of India. The causation of this relationship is not however unidirectional as the existing theoretical literature on IIT suggests. There is bi-directional causality for these variables. This implies that though economic development boosts IIT, it can equally be interpreted as a proxy for economic development and a predictor of future industrial progress rather than one that strictly follows it

Challenges of Anaesthetic Management in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery in Post COVID Rhino Orbital Cerebral Mucormycosis Patients

Introduction Mucormycosis is a potentially lethal opportunistic, angioinvasive fungal infection with rapid progression and high mortality and predisposed by diabetes mellitus, corticosteroid other immunosuppressive drugs, haematological malignancies, haematological stem cell transplantation, solid organ transplantation and iron overdose. The aim of our study is to consider the challenge in providing anaesthesia in endoscopic sinus surgery for rhino orbital cerebral mucormycosis in post COVID patient. Materials and Methods A total of 20 patients after being COVID negative, posted for endoscopic debridement of paranasal sinuses and also of orbital contents were analysed with respect to outcome after surgery considering the comorbidities of the patients and toxic effect of antifungal drug. Patients’ comorbidities were optimised through preoperative evaluation prior to surgery. Adequate monitoring of haemodynamic status during intraoperative period and optimum anaesthetic management was provided in endoscopic sinus surgery. The patients were managed in recovery room in post operative period and their outcome was reviewed. Results Our patients posed 3 challenges: a) difficult airway in view of palatal perforation b) long standing diabetes mellitus with associated metabolic complications c) administration of amphotericin B could interact with anaesthetic agents and produced adverse outcome. After surgery mortality was experienced in 10% of cases. Conclusion Awareness of warning symptoms and signs, a high index of suspicion, early diagnosis and initiation of full dose of liposomal Amphotericin B and meticulous surgical management may help to optimise the outcome of ROCM in the setting of COVID 19 infection

Pollution Control Instruments in the Presence of an Informal Sector

URL des Documents de travail : http://ces.univ-paris1.fr/cesdp/cesdp2010.htmlDocuments de travail du Centre d'Economie de la Sorbonne 2010.103 - ISSN : 1955-611XWe examines the challenges faced by the regulator in managing pollution when there is a linkage between a formal and an informal industrial sector across the stages of production. The formal sector is more productive than the informal sector and the latter saves cost by evading pollution regulation due to incomplete monitoring. This creates a natural tendency for the more polluting processes to be concentrated in the informal sector. We show the unintended effects of the standard Pigouvian tax (emission fee), which might lead to further deterioration by encouraging the shift of stages in favour of the informal sector. Instead, we propose a second-best hybrid instrument, comprised of a tax on polluting input and a subsidy on proper disposal of residual waste.Nous proposons un modèle pour analyser la politique environnementale en présence des liens entre un secteur formel et un secteur informel dans une structure de production industrielle verticale. Le secteur formel est caractérisé par une productivité plus élevée ; le secteur informel jouit d'un avantage comparatif car il est difficile de mesurer ses émissions et mettre en oeuvre la réglementation environnentale. Cette situation est typique dans des pays en développement. Nous démontrons les effets pervers d'une taxe pigouvienne (une taxe sur les émissions) dans ce cas, qui peut amener à un transfert de la production du secteur formel vers le secteur informel. Ensuite, nous proposons une politique alternative, fondée sur une combinaison entre une taxe sur les intrants polluants et une subvention à la remise des résidus polluants (selon la forme d'une consigne). Cette politique serait plus adaptée à des problèmes de déchets toxiques et de pollution de l'eau et éviterait les conséquences de concentration d'activité polluante dans le secteur informel

Pollution control instruments in the presence of an informal sector.

We examines the challenges faced by the regulator in managing pollution when there is a linkage between a formal and an informal industrial sector across the stages of production. The formal sector is more productive than the informal sector and the latter saves cost by evading pollution regulation due to incomplete monitoring. This creates a natural tendency for the more polluting processes to be concentrated in the informal sector. We show the unintended effects of the standard Pigouvian tax (emission fee), which might lead to further deterioration by encouraging the shift of stages in favour of the informal sector. Instead, we propose a second-best hybrid instrument, comprised of a tax on polluting input and a subsidy on proper disposal of residual waste.Emissions tax, informal sector, pollution control, vertical production.

Group lending and self-help groups: joint benefit as an alternative governance mechanism

Lending to the rural poor in developing economies, although crucial from the perspective of poverty management, is often subjected to severe informational problems. The literature on group lending with joint liability attempts to resolve these problems by making failure more costly for the borrowers. We take a different approach. In a model of lending with moral hazard, we show that rewarding group success by promising a joint benefit can be used as an alternative mechanism to solve informational problems. We also show that, unlike joint liabilitymechanism, this joint-benefit mechanism would ensure higher repayment probability even in the absence of peer-monitoring. Moreover, in this model, the optimal group size can be endogenously determined.joint benefit, group lending, peer monitoring,