Genus- and species-specific diagnoses can be accomplished by using various PCR systems.

<p>(A) Genus-specific hsp65 PCR. From lane M–14 are 100 bp marker, <i>M tuberculosis</i>, <i>M. terrae</i>, <i>M. scrofulaceum</i>, <i>M. fortuitum</i>, <i>M. duvalii</i>, <i>M. smegmatis</i>, <i>M. chelonae</i>, <i>M. celatum</i>, <i>M. bovis</i> (BCG), <i>M. kansasii</i>, <i>M. bovis</i>, <i>M. flavescens</i>, <i>M. goodii</i>, and <i>M. avium</i>, respectively. Note a 441 bp amplicon in all species. (B) TB complex-specific cfp32 PCR. From lane M–14 are 1,000 bp marker, <i>M tuberculosis</i> H37 Rv, <i>M tuberculosis</i> clinical isolates (3), <i>M. bovis</i> (BCG), <i>M. bovis</i>, <i>M. scrofulaceum</i>, <i>M. fortuitum</i>, <i>M. duvalii</i>, <i>M. smegmatis</i>, <i>M. chelonae</i>, <i>M. celatum</i>, <i>M. kansasii</i>, and <i>M. flavescens</i>, respectively. Note a 786 bp amplicon in <i>M. tuberculosis</i> (3) and <i>M. bovis</i> (2) species. (C) PCR amplification of 16–23 S-rRNA using genus-specific primers ITS-F and Mycom-2; Lane M, 100 bp Marker; Lanes 1, 4, 7, and 8 are <i>M. tuberculosis</i> isolates (121 bp); Lanes 2, 3, 5, and 6 are MAC isolates (144 bp); Lanes 9 and 12 are negative controls; and Lanes 10 and 11 are <i>M. fortuitum</i> isolates (223 bp). Other species of mycobacteria also yield amplicons of variable size specific for each species (unpublished data). (D) A multiplex PCR comprised of primers for Mycobacterium genus (targeting hsp65), <i>M. tuberculosis</i> (targeting cfp10), and <i>M. avium</i> complex (targeting MAC) specific genes. Lane M is 100 bp marker, Lanes 1 and 4 show <i>M. tuberculosis</i> single species infection (441 bp and 191 bp bands), Lanes 2 and 5 show <i>M. avium</i> complex single infection (441 bp and 144 bp bands), while Lanes 3 and 6 show mixed infection of <i>M. tuberculosis + M. avium</i> complex (3 bands of 441 bp, 191 bp, and 144 bp size). The last lane is negative control.</p

Distribution (%) of women in different age groups from 4 regional study centers.

<p>Maximum number of women who volunteered for the inclusion in the study were in their twenties and early thirties.</p

Agreement assessment of EIAs vis-à-vis Mantoux test.

*<p>PA: means percentage agreement; Any EIA pos means PTB cases and asymptomatic household contacts if positive by at least one of three EIA (IgM, IgA & IgG);</p>#<p>Mantoux test was done only in 456 out of 470 PTB patients and 667 out of 789 asymptomatic household contacts. Values in in parenthesis are percentage.</p

Seropositivity rates for IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies individually and in various combinations in confirmed pulmonary Tuberculosis patients (n = 470) [panel A] and in asymptomatic family contacts (n = 789) [panel B].

<p>Seropositivity rates for IgA, IgM and IgG antibodies individually and in various combinations in confirmed pulmonary Tuberculosis patients (n = 470) [panel A] and in asymptomatic family contacts (n = 789) [panel B].</p

Climatic and topographic characteristics of the four regions from where study subjects were recruited.

<p>Climatic and topographic characteristics of the four regions from where study subjects were recruited.</p

Performance of IgM, IgA, and IgG ELISA and Mantoux test in bacteriologically confirmed TB patients and Contacts.

<p>(Pos): positive; (Neg): negative; CI: confidence interval;</p>#<p>PPV: positive predictive value;</p>##<p>NPV =  Negative predictive value; LRP: likelihood ratio for positive test;</p>*<p>Mantoux test was done only in 456 out of 470 PTB patients and 667 out of 789 asymptomatic household contacts; Mantoux^*1 when Mantoux results with skin reaction indurations size ≥10 mm were interpreted as positive result, whereas in Mantoux^*2 results with reaction indurations size ≥15 mm were considered as Mantoux positive.</p>+<p>Any EIA: means subjects detected positive by at least one of three (IgG/IgM/IgA) EIA tests. Values in parenthesis are percentage with 95% CI values.</p

Socio-demographic and other probable risk factors for acquiring toxoplasmosis in women from different regions of India.

<p>Occurrences (%).</p

Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in women of 4 geographical regions and their age groups.

<p>Seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in women of 4 geographical regions and their age groups.</p

Factors associated with incident tuberculosis cases among household contacts of index cases.

<p>Values given in parenthesis are percentage.</p

Effect of BCG vaccination on TB EIAs & Mantoux test.

*<p><i>P</i> value indicated two tail <i>p</i> value calculated from <i>Pearson chi-square test</i> and Fisher test;</p>**<p>Any EIA pos denotes at least one of three EIA (IgM, IgA & IgG) tests was positive;</p>#<p>Mantoux test was done only in 456 out of 470 PTB patients and 667 out of 789 asymptomatic household contacts. Values in parenthesis are percentage.</p