Comparison of Body Composition Among the Selected Groups of Female Kabaddi Players

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to find out the Body Composition of female Kabaddi players, It was also to compare the body composition characteristics among the groups of female kabaddi players. Method: A total of 101 national and University-level female Kabaddi players were selected as subjects for the study. Most of them were national-level players and very few were university-level players, the age range of the subjects was 18 years to 25 years. The subjects were taken from the East Zone of India. The subjects had experience in competitive Kabaddi for 10-12 years and also they were active in playing Kabaddi. After observing each subject’s playing position, subject’s view, and coach’s concern, they were divided into three groups Raider, Defender, and All-rounder. The Body Composition was considered as BMI, Body Density, % of Body Fat, Total Body Fat, and Lean Body Mass. Mean, Standard Deviation, Percentage, and One-Way ANOVA were calculated to differentiate among the groups. Result: The result concluded that the BMI of all female Kabaddi players was in the normal range. The Body Fat Percentage of female raider, defender and all-rounder Kabaddi players were 23.34 %, 24.7 %, and 23.8 % respectively. Lean Body Mass of female raider, defender, and all-rounder kabaddi players were 42.94 kg, 42.05 kg, and 42.82 kg respectively. Conclusion: Lastly, there were no significant differences among the different groups in the body composition characteristics of female kabaddi players.Introducción: El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer la Composición Corporal de las jugadoras de Kabaddi. También fue comparar las características de composición corporal entre los grupos de jugadoras de Kabaddi. Métodos: Un total de 101 jugadoras de Kabaddi de nivel nacional y universitario fueron seleccionadas como sujetos para el estudio. La mayoría de ellos eran jugadores de nivel nacional y muy pocos eran jugadores de nivel universitario, el rango de edad de los sujetos fue de 18 años a 25 años. Los sujetos fueron tomados de la Zona Este de la India. Los sujetos tenían experiencia en Kabaddi competitivo durante 10-12 años y también estaban activos jugando Kabaddi. Después de observar la posición de juego de cada sujeto, la vista del sujeto y la preocupación del entrenador, se dividieron en tres grupos Raider, Defender y All-rounder. La Composición Corporal se consideró como IMC, Densidad Corporal, % de Grasa Corporal, Grasa Corporal Total y Masa Corporal Magra. Se calcularon la Media, la Desviación Estándar, el Porcentaje y el ANOVA de una vía para diferenciar entre los grupos. Resultados: El resultado concluyó que el IMC de todas las jugadoras de Kabaddi estaba en el rango normal. El porcentaje de grasa corporal de las jugadoras de Kabaddi raider, defender y all-rounder fue del 23,34 %, 24,7 % y 23,8 %, respectivamente. La masa corporal magra de las jugadoras de kabaddi raider, defender y all-rounder fue de 42,94 kg, 42,05 kg y 42,82 kg, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Por último, no hubo diferencias significativas entre los diferentes grupos en las características de composición corporal de las jugadoras de kabaddi

Experimental Performance Evaluation of a Hyper-Branched Polymer Electrolyte for Rechargeable Li-Air Batteries

A hyper-branched polymer (HBP) electrolyte is synthesized for rechargeable lithium-air (Li-air) battery cell and experimentally evaluated its performance in actual battery cell environment. Several real-world battery cells were fabricated with synthesized HBP electrolyte, pure lithium metal as anode and an oxygen permeable air cathode to evaluate reproducibility of the rechargeable Li-air battery cell. The effect of various conditions such as various HBP based electrolytes, discharge current −0.1~0.5 mA, cathode preparation processes and carbon contents on the battery cell performance were experimentally evaluated using the fabricated battery cells under dry air condition. Detailed HBP electrolyte synthesis procedures and experimental performance evaluation of Li-air battery cell for various conditions are presented. The experimental results showed that different conditions and processes significantly affect the Li-air battery performance. Upon taking into account the effect of different conditions and processes, optimized HBP electrolyte materials, cathode process and conditions were determined. Several Li-air battery cells were fabricated with optimized conditions and optimized battery cell materials to determine the reproducibility and performance consistency. Experimental results showed that over 55–65 h of discharge occurred over 2.5 V terminal cell voltage with all three optimized Li-air battery cells. It implied that the optimized Li-air battery cells were reproducible and were able to hold charge over 2.5 V for more than 2 days. Experimental results of the Li-air battery cell with further refined optimized materials revealed that the battery cell can discharge more than 10 days (i.e., more than 250 h) at or above 2.0 V. The experimental results also showed that the Li-air battery discharge time got shorter as the discharge-charge cycle increases due to increase in internal resistances of battery cell materials. The experimental results confirmed that the lithium-air battery cell can be reproduced without loss of performance and can hold charge more than 10 days at or over 2.0 V. The investigation results obtained may usher a pathway to manufacture a long-life rechargeable Li-air battery cell in the near future

Single-Molecule Tracking of Collagenase on Native Type I Collagen Fibrils Reveals Degradation Mechanism

SummaryBackgroundCollagen, the most abundant human protein, is the principal component of the extracellular matrix and plays important roles in maintaining tissue and organ integrity. Highly resistant to proteolysis, fibrillar collagen is degraded by specific matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). Degradation of fibrillar collagen underlies processes including tissue remodeling, wound healing, and cancer metastasis. However, the mechanism of native collagen fibril degradation remains poorly understood.ResultsHere we present the results of high-resolution tracking of individual MMPs degrading type I collagen fibrils. MMP1 exhibits cleavage-dependent biased and hindered diffusion but spends 90% ± 3% of the time in one of at least two distinct pause states. One class of exponentially distributed pauses (class I pauses) occurs randomly along the fibril, whereas a second class of pauses (class II pauses) exhibits multistep escape kinetics and occurs periodically at intervals of 1.3 ± 0.2 μm and 1.5 ± 0.2 μm along the fibril. After these class II pauses, MMP1 moved faster and farther in one direction along the fibril, indicative of biased motion associated with cleavage. Simulations indicate that 5% ± 2% of the class II pauses result in the initiation of processive collagen degradation, which continues for bursts of 15 ± 4 consecutive cleavage events.ConclusionsThese findings provide a mechanistic paradigm for type I collagen degradation by MMP1 and establish a general approach to investigate MMP-fibrillar collagen interactions. More generally, this work demonstrates the fundamental role of enzyme-substrate interactions including binding and motion in determining the activity of an enzyme on an extended substrate

Cubic methylammonium lead chloride perovskite as a transparent conductor in solar cell applications: An experimental and theoretical study

The cubic methylammonium lead chloride (CH3NH3PbCl3) perovskite has been investigated as a transparent conductor using the experimental method and well-known density functional theory (DFT). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the as-prepared film confirms the good crystallinity and cubic phase of the material. The lattice constants are calculated from XRD data and compared with the lattice constants predicted employing DFT. The bandgap of the film has been studied to investigate the electronic properties and compared with the calculated bandgap of bulk CH3NH3PbCl3 using DFT. In both the cases, the bandgap has been found to be direct in nature. Also, the partial and total density of states (PDOS and TDOS) have been discussed in detail. Further, the effective mass of electrons and holes are analyzed along the high symmetry points in the brillouin zone. The UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer has been used to measure the transmittance and reflectance of CH3NH3PbCl3 film and established that films are highly transparent in visible and near IR regions. The optical properties such as dielectric functions, refractive index and absorption coefficients of bulk CH3NH3PbCl3 perovskite have been calculated in the energy range 0-5 eV. All the calculated parameters are compared with the available experimental, and the theoretical state of art results and a fair agreement has been obtained between them

Pattern of bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis according to the lobar distribution

Background: The pattern of bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis is varied with geographical area and lobar distribution of bronchiectasis. The exact pattern of bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis according to lobar distribution is not known in our country. This study aimed to investigate the pattern of bacterial infection in acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis according to lobar distribution. Methods: A total of eighty-four patients diagnosed with acute exacerbation of bronchiectasis were included in this cross-sectional study in the department of respiratory medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Sputum culture and real-time polymerase chain reaction were used to characterize the bacterial profile and high-resolution computed tomography scans for the location of the bronchiectasis. Before enrolment, informed written consent was obtained from the participants. Results: The mean (SD) age of this study population was 47.89 (±14.95) years, 29.8% were female and 60.7% were a non-smoker. Bronchiectasis was more common in the right middle lobe (63.1%), followed by the right lower lobe (44%), and the left lower lobe (42%). Bacteria were isolated in 66% of patients and Gram-negative bacteria were predominant (78.6%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (17.9%) were the most common bacteria. Conclusions: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was identified predominantly in the right upper lobe, right middle lobe, left upper lobe, and bilateral upper lobe and Klebsiella pneumoniae was in the right lower lobe, left lower lobe, and bilateral lower lobe

Single-Molecule Study of Metalloregulator CueR-DNA Interactions Using Engineered Holliday Junctions

AbstractTo maintain normal metal metabolism, bacteria use metal-sensing metalloregulators to control transcription of metal resistance genes. Depending on their metal-binding states, the MerR-family metalloregulators change their interactions with DNA to suppress or activate transcription. To understand their functions fundamentally, we study how CueR, a Cu1+-responsive MerR-family metalloregulator, interacts with DNA, using an engineered DNA Holliday junction (HJ) as a protein-DNA interaction reporter in single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements. By analyzing the single-molecule structural dynamics of the engineered HJ in the presence of various concentrations of both apo- and holo-CueR, we show how CueR interacts with the two conformers of the engineered HJ, forming variable protein-DNA complexes at different protein concentrations and changing the HJ structures. We also show how apo- and holo-CueR differ in their interactions with DNA, and discuss their similarities and differences with other MerR-family metalloregulators. The surprising finding that holo-CueR binds more strongly to DNA than to apo-CueR suggests functional differences among MerR-family metalloregulators, in particular in their mechanisms of switching off gene transcription after activation. The study also corroborates the general applicability of engineered HJs as single-molecule reporters for protein-DNA interactions, which are fundamental processes in gene replication, transcription, recombination, and regulation

Indium Oxide Based Nanomaterials: Fabrication Strategies, Properties, Applications, Challenges and Future Prospect

Nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) in the form of thin film or bulk attract significant interest of materials researchers in both basic and applied sciences. Among these important MOSs, indium oxide (IO) is a valuable one due to its novel properties and wide range of applications in diversified fields. IO based nanostructured thin films possess excellent visible transparency, metal-like electrical conductivity and infrared reflectance properties. This chapter mainly highlights the synthesis strategies of IO based bulk nanomaterials with variable morphologies starting from spherical nanoparticles to nano-rods, nano-wires, nano-needles, nanopencils, nanopushpins etc. In addition, thin film deposition and periodic 1-dimensional (1D)/2-dimensional (2D) surface texturing techniques of IO based nanostructured thin films vis-à-vis their functional properties and applications have been discussed. The chapter covers a state-of-the-art survey on the fabrication strategies and recent advancement in the properties of IO based nanomaterials with their different areas of applications. Finally, the challenges and future prospect of IO based nanomaterials have been discussed briefly