The aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans heat shock protein GroEL interacts directly with human peripheral blood T cells

Heat shock family protein GroEL of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) has antigenic properties. We previously demonstrated that A. actinomycetemcomitans GroEL-like protein affects human CD4 T cells by converting them into IL-10 and IFNg double cytokine producing Tbet+ Th1 cells. The objective of this study was to investigate whether or not AaGroEL communicates with T cells directly. To do this, sorted cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with AaGroEL for 48 h. Flow cytometry was used to measure soluble and intracellular cytokine expression in the cell cultures and detect TLR2 expression on the surface of T cells. Expression of six different soluble cytokines was evaluated by CBA assay. To determine whether AaGroEL affects CD3+ T cells directly or not, purified CD3+ T cells or CD14+ cells were cultured with AaGroEL separately, and the quantity of soluble cytokine was measured. Results showed that sorted CD3+ cells produced soluble IL-6, TNFα-and IFNγ cytokines. Additionally, the intracellular cytokine staining data showed that AaGroEL-stimulated CD3+ cells were also TNFα-and IFNγ-positive. Moreover, AaGroEL-responsive T cells slightly increased their TLR2 expression. These findings suggest that CD3+ T cells produce cytokines in response to AaGroEL protein without requirements for other cells, such as CD14+ monocytes.Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK 106T417

Venn diagram demonstrating radiation- induced differential transcriptional profiles in mucosa and whole gut.

<p>Venn diagram demonstrating radiation- induced differential transcriptional profiles in mucosa and whole gut.</p

Activation of apoptosis pathways in mucosa and whole gut.

<p>Stacked bar charts demonstrate IPA-generated activated apoptosis pathways in mucosa and whole gut at 4 h, 24 h, and 3.5 d after irradiation. The height of the bars indicates the percentage of genes that changed in the particular pathway. Red bar: up-regulated. Green bar: down-regulated. Pathways with p-value (yellow dot) above the threshold (dashed line) are significantly activated. Heatmaps demonstrate the change of the genes in the selected signaling pathway before (left column) and after radiation (right column). Blue: decreased, red: increased.</p

Activation of cell cycle control pathways in mucosa and whole gut.

<p>Stacked bar charts demonstrate IPA-generated activated cell cycle control pathways in mucosa and whole gut at 4 h, 24 h, and 3.5 d after irradiation. The height of the bars indicates the percentage of genes that changed in the particular pathway. Red bar: up-regulated. Green bar: down-regulated. Pathways with p-value (yellow dot) above the threshold (dashed line) are significantly activated. Heatmaps demonstrate the change of the genes in the selected signaling pathway before (left column) and after radiation (right column). Blue: decreased, red: increased.</p

Expression of Caspase14 mRNA and protein in the small intestines.

<p><b>A</b>: Immunohistochemistry demonstrating the expression of Caspase14 in goblet cells in baseline (control) and irradiated intestine at 4 h, 24 h and 3.5 d post irradiation. <b>B</b>: Expression of Caspase14 mRNA in mucosa and whole gut tissue plotted by the raw signal from microarray. <b>C</b>: A higher magnification power demonstrating goblet cells secreting Caspase14 at 24 h post irradiation. Red: Caspase14; Green: E-cadherin; Blue: DAPI.</p

Validation of the selected genes in the whole gut by real-time RT-PCR.

<p>The left panels (black bars) demonstrate expression of the selected genes at different time points plotted by raw signals from the microarray. The right panels (gray bars) show the relative expression of the same selected genes normalized by 18S rRNA at different time points by real-time RT-PCR. The opposite direction of Mcpt1 demonstrates its down-regulation after radiation.</p

DNA damage in mouse small intestine at baseline and different time points.

<p>TUNEL staining to demonstrate DNA damage in mouse small intestine at baseline and 4 h, 24 h, and 3.5 d after irradiation. Green: TUNEL positive, Blue: DAPI. 10×/20×: the magnifying power of the objectives. rTdT: recombinant Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase enzyme.</p

Activation of cellular injury and DNA damage repair pathways.

<p>Stacked bar charts demonstrate IPA-generated activated cellular injury and DNA damage repair pathways in mucosa and whole gut at 4 h, 24 h, and 3.5 d after irradiation. The height of the bars indicates the percentage of genes that changed in the particular pathway. Red bar: up-regulated. Green bar: down-regulated. Pathways with p-value (yellow dot) above the threshold (dashed line) are significantly activated. Heatmaps demonstrate the change of the genes in the selected signaling pathway before (left column) and after radiation (right column). Blue: decreased, red: increased.</p

Ketamine analgesia for inflammatory pain in neonatal rats: a factorial randomized trial examining long-term effects-3

Odaltons.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ketamine analgesia for inflammatory pain in neonatal rats: a factorial randomized trial examining long-term effects"</p><p>http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/4/1/35</p><p>Behavioral and Brain Functions : BBF 2008;4():35-35.</p><p>Published online 7 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527299.</p><p></p

Ketamine analgesia for inflammatory pain in neonatal rats: a factorial randomized trial examining long-term effects-4

Icted. Fr = frontal, HL = hindlimb, Oc = occipital, Te1 = temporal area 1, Te3 = temporal area 3, RSA = retrosplenial agranular, RSG = retrosplenial granular, Par1 = parietal area 1, Par2 = parietal area 2, Pir = pirifom cortex, DEn = dorsal endopiriform, kD = kilodaltons.<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Ketamine analgesia for inflammatory pain in neonatal rats: a factorial randomized trial examining long-term effects"</p><p>http://www.behavioralandbrainfunctions.com/content/4/1/35</p><p>Behavioral and Brain Functions : BBF 2008;4():35-35.</p><p>Published online 7 Aug 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2527299.</p><p></p