Uticaj viline kosice (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) na morfološke i parametre fluorescencije kod ambrozije trolisne (Ambrosia trifida L.)

The effect of the parasitic flowering plant known as field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) on morphological and fluorescence parameters of infested giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida L.) plants was examined under controlled conditions. The parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, Fv, Fm, ETR and IF) were measured on infested (I) and non-infested (N) A. trifida plants over a period of seven days, beginning with the day of infestation. Morphological parameters (plant height, dry and fresh weight) were measured on the last day of fluorescence measurements. C. campestris was found to affect the height, fresh and dry weight of the infested A. trifida plants, causing significant reduction in plant height and dry weight. Field dodder also affected several parameters of chlorophyll fluorescence (Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII and Fv) in infested A. trifida plants.Ispitivan je uticaj parazitske cvetnice viline kosice (Cuscuta campestris Yunck.) na morfološke i parametre fluorescencije kod zaraženih biljaka ambrozije trolisne (Ambrosia trifida L.) u kontrolisanim uslovima. Parametri fluorescencije (Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII, Fv, Fm, ETR i IF) kod zaraženih (Z) i nezaraženih (N) biljaka A. trifida su mereni sedam dana, počev od prvog dana nakon zaražavanja. Morfološki parametri (visina biljaka, suva i sveža masa biljaka) su mereni poslednjeg dana merenja fluorescencije. C. campestris je uticala na visinu, svežu i suvu masu zaraženih biljaka A. trifida, pri čemu je dovela do značajne redukcije visine i suve mase biljaka. Takođe, vilina kosica je uticala na veći broj parametara fluorescencije hlorofila (Fo, Fv/Fm, ΦPSII i Fv) kod zaraženih biljaka A. trifida

Učestalost mikronukleusa u limfocitima periferne krvi kod radnika srpske populacije izloženih pesticidima

Micronucleus (MN) is a biomarker widely used in biomonitoring studies for determining the genetic risk associated with exposure to pesticides. The purpose of this study was to assess damage to the genetic material of workers occupationally exposed to pesticides as detected in micronucleus tests. The research included 119 subjects divided into three groups: a control group of 39 subjects, a group of 40 subjects exposed to pesticides as producers and a group of 40 pesticide applicators in the field. A Mann-Whitney U-test displayed statistically significant differences between the parameter means of all variables, and the control group. Significant differences were observed between males involved in pesticide production and application for the parameter MN4, then between non-smoking producers and applicators regarding parameters MN2, MN3, MN4 and NB, as well as between the control and applicator groups for parameter MN2, and between producers and applicators for parameter MN3. Spearman’s correlation test showed a positive correlation between the frequency of micronuclei and age of respondents, as well as their smoking habits. A statistically significant difference in relation to cytogenetic parameters was detected between the respondents working in pesticide production and those working in the field. The results suggest that applicators in the field do not use adequate personal protective equipment. Regular biological monitoring of workers exposed to pesticides is required.Mikronukleus test (MN) se koristi u biomonitoring studijama za praćenje genetičkih efekata kod ljudi izloženih pesticidima. Cilj rada je bio da se, metodom mikronukleus testa, utvrdi oštećenje genetičkog materijala kod ispitanika koji su profesionalno izloženi pesticidima. Istraživanja su obuhvatila 119 ispitanika koji su podeljeni u tri grupe: u kontrolnoj grupi bilo je 39 ispitanika, u grupi izloženoj pesticidima u procesu proizvodnje (proizvođači) bilo je 40 ispitanika i 40 ispitanika koji rade u primeni na terenu. Mann-Whitney U-test je pokazao statistički značajnu razliku između srednjih vrednosti parametara svih ispitivanih varijabli u odnosu na kontrolnu grupu. Statistički značajne razlike konstatovane su između muškaraca u proizvodnji i primeni za parametar MN4, potom između nepušača u proizvodnji i primeni za parametere MN2, MN3, MN4 i NB, kao i u okviru cele posmatrane populacije između kontrolnih i radnika u proizvodnji za parametar MN2, i između proizvodnje i primene za parametar MN3. Spearman-ov test korelacije je pokazao pozitivnu korelaciju između učestalosti mikronukleusa i starosne dobi ispitanika, kao i navika vezanih za pušenje. Utvrđene su i statistički značajne razlike između ispitanika koji rade u proizvodnji i ispitanika koji rade u primeni u odnosu na praćene citogenetičke parametre. Svi dobijeni rezultati upućuju na zaključak da radnici koji rade na terenu ne koriste adekvatna sredstva lične zaštitite. Takođe, rezultati pokazuju da postoji potreba za kontinuiranim biomonitoringom radnika koji su u kontaktu sa pesticidima

Uticaj temperature na klijanje semena Cuscuta campestris Yunk.

Studies of biological characteristics of seeds and conditions for their germination have a major importance for planning and executing rational measures of weed control. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different temperatures on germination of C. campestris seeds. Three treatments (T1- storage at room temperature; T2 – exposure to 4°C for 30 days; T3 – scarification by concentrated sulphuric acid) differing in manipulation with seeds before germination were tested at different temperatures (5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C). Germinated seeds were counted daily for ten days and the length of seedlings was measured on the last day. The results showed that differences in germination of C. campestris seeds were very prominent between temperatures, as well as between treatments T1, T2 and T3. Seeds failed to germinate at 5°C and 45°C in all treatments (T1, T2, T3). Germination ranged from 6.25 at 10°C to 96.88%, the highest percentage, achieved at 30°C.Izučavanje bioloških karakteristika semena i uslova u kojima klijaju ima veliki značaj za planiranje i realizaciju racionalnih mera za kontrolu korova. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita efekat različitih temperatura na klijanje semena C. campestris. U ogled su bila uključena tri tretmana (T1 – semena čuvana u laboratorijskim uslovima na temperaturi 22- 25°C, T2 – semena koja su prethodno 30 dana izlagana niskoj temperaturi (4°C), T3 – semena koja su skarifikovana koncentrovanom sumpornom kiselinom), pri čemu su svi tretmani ispitivani na sledećim temperaturama: 5°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 30°C, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C. Svakodnevno, u periodu od deset dana, rađeno je prebrojavanje proklijalih semena, a poslednjeg dana su izmerene i dužine klijanaca. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju da postoje značajne razlike u klijanju semena u odnosu na ispitivane temperature i tretmane. Semena nisu klijala na temperaturama od 5°C i 45°C ni u jednom od rađenih tretmana. Procenat klijanja se kretao od 6,25% do 96,88%, pri čemu je najveći procenat u sva tri tretmana zabeležen na temperaturi od 30°C

Uticaj zemljišnih bakterija na klijanje semena Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Med., Onopordon acanthium L. i Verbascum thapsus L.

The effects of several bacterial media [Bacillus licheniformis population 1 (MO1); B. licheniformis population 2 (MO2); B. subtilis (MO3); B. megatherium (MO4); humates (MO5)] on seed germination of Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Med., Onopordon acanthium L. and Verbascum thapsus L. were tested. Seeds were germinated in Petri dishes containing solutions with different bacterial media. The highest germination percentage in all treatments was recorded for V. thapsus seeds (100.0%). Different treatments had diverse effects (stimulative or inhibitory) on seed germination of D. stramonium [from 5% (MO1) to 13.3% (MO3), with 10.0 % in H20], A. theophrasti [from 28.3% (MO3) to 65.0% (MO5), with 43.3 % in H20] and O. acanthium [from 10.0% (MO2) to 13.3% (MO1 and MO3), with 6.7% in H20], depending on the type of media and weed species.Testiran je efekat bakterijskih kultura [Bacillus licheniformis populacija 1 (MO1); B. licheniformis populacija 2 (MO2); B. subtilis (MO3); B. megatherium (MO4); humati (MO5)] na klijanje semena Datura stramonium L., Abutilon theophrasti Med., Onopordon acanthium L. i Verbascum thapsus L. Semena su naklijavana u Petri posudama u rastvorima različitih bakterijskih kultura. Najveća klijavost zabeležena je kod semena V. thapsus (100%). Različiti tretmani pokazali su različiti uticaj (stimulativni ili inhibitorni) na klijanje semena D. stramonium [od 5,0% (MO1) do 13,3% (MO3), u H20 10,0%], A. theophrasti [od 28,3% (MO3) do 65,0% (MO5), u H20 43,3%] i O. acanthium [od 10,0% (MO2) do 13,3% (MO1 i MO3), u H20 6,7], u zavisnosti od tipa kulture i vrste korova

Određivanje mikrobiološke aktivnosti i biomase u različitim zemljištima nakon primene nikosulfurona

The effects of the herbicide nicosulfuron on the abundance of cellulolytic and proteolytic microorganisms, activity of β-glucosidase and protease enzymes, and microbial phosphorus biomass were examined. A laboratory bioassay was set up on two types of agricultural soils differing in physicochemical properties. The following concentrations were tested: 0.3, 0.6, 3.0 and 30.0 mg a.i./kg of soil. Samples were collected 3, 7, 14, 30 and 45 days after treatment with nicosulfuron. The results showed that nicosulfuron significantly reduced the abundance of cellulolytic microorganisms in both soils, as well as microbial biomass phosphorus in sandy loam soil. The herbicide was found to stimulate β-glucosidase and protease activity in both types of soil and microbial biomass phosphorus in loamy soil. Proteolytic microorganisms remained unaffected by nicosulfuron.Ispitivan je uticaj herbicida nikosulfurona na brojnost celulolitskih i proteolitskih mikroorganizama, aktivnost enzima β-glukozidaze i proteaze i mikrobiološku biomasu fosfora. Ogled je postavljen u laboratorijskim uslovima na dva poljoprivredna zemljišta koja se razlikuju po svojim fizičko-hemijskim karakteristikama. Primenjene su koncentracije od 0,3, 0,6, 3,0 i 30,0 mg a.s/kg zemljišta. Uzorci za analizu uzeti su 3, 7, 14, 30 i 45 dana nakon primene nikosulfurona. Dobijeni rezultati su pokazali da je nikosulfuron značajno smanjio broj celulolizatora kod oba tipa zemljišta, kao i vrednost mikrobiološke biomase fosfora u peskuši. Stimulativno delovanje ovog herbicida zabeleženo je kod enzima β-glukozidaze i proteaze kod oba tipa zemljišta kao i kod mikrobiološke biomase fosfora u ilovači. Na brojnost proteolitičkih mikroorganizama nikosulfuron nije ispoljio nikakav uticaj

Hemijsko suzbijanje viline kosice u lucerki

Parasitic flowering plants have recently come into focus of research interests as a result of their notable expansion and increasing damage that they are causing in agricultural fields. Damage caused by field dodder in alfalfa crops mainly includes reduced yield of fresh biomass and considerable decrease in seed production. Effective control of field dodder in alfalfa crops necessarily includes a number of preventive measures and procedures, as well as chemical control. The effectiveness of glyphosate, propyzamide, imazethapyr and diquat herbicides in controlling field dodder in alfalfa crops was tested in trials conducted in 2011. Pot and field trials were set up in an experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad (location Rimski Šančevi) and in a private field at Popovići (vicinity of Mladenovac). In pot trials, two glyphosate application rates (288 and 360 g a.i. ha) achieved the highest effectiveness of 95% and 97.5%, respectively. Both application rates of propyzamide (1500 and 2000 g a.i. ha) had weak effectiveness (85% and 87%, respectively), while imazethapyr (150 g a.i. ha) was the weakest herbicide with 80% efficacy. In field trials at both locations, diquat (450 g a.i. ha) showed the best efficacy in controlling field dodder in alfalfa. The efficacy of all other treatments was weaker at Popovići with the following survival rates of field dodder plants: 25% (glyphosate, 288 g a.i. ha), 15% (glyphosate, 360 g a.i. ha), 79% (propyzamide, 1500 g a.i. ha), 70% (propyzamide, 2000 g a.i. ha) and 72% (imazethapyr, 150 g a.i. ha). At the location Rimski Šančevi, the same treatements resulted in around 1% remaining field dodder plants in alfalfa crop.U novije vreme problematika parazitskih cvetnica postaje sve aktuelnija i dobija veći istraživački prostor upravo zbog njihovog širenja i sve većih šteta koje nanose u poljoprivredi. Štete koje vilina kosica pravi u usevu lucerke se prvenstveno odnose na smanjenje prinosa zelene biomase i značajno smanjenu produkciju semena kod semenske lucerke. Efikasno suzbijanje viline kosice u usevu luceke podrazumeva niz preventivnih mera i postupaka, kao i hemijsku kontrolu. Ispitivanje efikasnosti herbicida (glifosat, propizamid, imazetapir i dikvat) u suzbijanju viline kosice u usevu lucerke urađeno je tokom 2011. godine. Ogledi su izvedeni u saksijama i u polju, na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu (Rimski Šančevi) i na privatnoj parceli na lokalitetu Popovići (okolina Mladenovca). U ogledu sa saksijama, najbolju efikasnost je ispoljio glifosat u obe primenjene količine (288 i 360 g a.s. ha), 95% odnosno 97.5%. Efikasnost koju je ispoljio propizamid u obe količine primene (1500 i 2000 g a.s. ha) je bila slabija (85% odnosno 87%), dok je najslabiju efikasnost ispoljio imazetapir (150 g a.s. ha), 80%. U poljskim ogledima, na oba lokaliteta, dikvat (450 g a.s. ha) je ispoljio najbolju efikasnost u suzbijanju viline kosice. Na lokalitetu Popovići efikasnost ostalih tretmana je bila slabija, odnosno procenat preživelih jedinki viline kosice je bio: 25% (glifosat, 288 g a.s. ha), 15% (glifosat, 360 g a.s. ha), 79% (propizamid, 1500 g a.s. ha), 70% (propizamid, 2000 g a.s. ha) i 72% (imazetapir, 150 g a.s. ha). Na lokalitetu Rimski Šančevi, pri primeni istih tretmana, vilina kosica se zadržala na usevu sa oko 1%

Field Dodder Life Cycle and Interaction with Host Plants

Cuscuta as a generalist type of holoparasitic plant interacts with various hostplants in different manners, and all Cuscuta species depend (absolutely) on hostplants to complete their life cycle. Field dodder is a parasitic plant that attaches tostems and leaves of broadleaf plants, including weeds, field crops, vegetables, andornamentals, across most agricultural regions of the world. Most hosts of Cuscutaplants are passive, only a few hosts are known to show clear resistance (e.g.,Ipomoea sp.). Unlike other weeds occurring in anthropogenic habitats that havebeen well-studied in their taxonomic, biological, and ecological aspects, as wellas their anatomical and physiological properties to some extent, the parasiticflowering species of the genus Cuscuta have been examined very scarcely despitethe great damage that they are able to cause. More extensive research is required in order to develop new means for parasitic weed control. A basic research shouldidentify new targets for control within the life cycle of the parasites and amongtheir metabolic activities