Pharmacological Evaluation of Ethanolic Extract of Withania Coagulans Dunal (Flower Buds)

OBJECTIVE OF THE WORK:The plants are the key source of medicine in Ayurveda for treatment and prevention of diseases and maintenance of healthy life. The plants are used in medicine since antiquity. Much of the medicinal plants are documented in the Ancient Ayurvedic classics and these plants are still used successfully to treat different ailments. One of these plants which is used to treat various disease is Withania coagulans Dunal. The shrub is important for the property of coagulating milk, possessed by its berries; they are used for this purpose in North-West India and adjoining country. Withania coagulans are the most reputed medicinal plants of Ayurveda and has well-descript pharmacological activities such as physiological and metabolic restoration, anti-arthritic, anti-aging, cognitive function, improvement in geriatric states and recovery from neurodegenerative disorders.75, 132 Based on the literature review, it was planned to carry out the biological screening as outlined below To validate acute oral toxicity To study the behavioral coordination in rats To study the antiobesity activity in progesterone induced obese rats To study the antihyperlipidemic activity in fructose induced hyperlipidemic rats To study the analgesic activity To evaluate the antimicrobial activity and anthelmintic activity. CONCLUSION: From the study entitled "Pharmacological Evaluation of Withania coagulans Dunal (Flower buds), the following conclusion could be drawn The present study has thus duly supported the traditional use of Ethanolic Extract of Withania coagulans Dunal have scientifically proved the behavioral coordination, antiobesity, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, anthelmintic, and antimicrobial activity. Apart from the suggested actions listed in discussion part absence of acute toxicity may also offer a new hope for safe treatment in future. Preliminary phytochemical study ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans Dunal was found to contain Carbohydrates, Protein, Steroids, Flavanoids, Alkaloids, Glycosides and Amino Acids are present. Presence of Alkaloids, Flavanoids and Glycosides in the ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans Dunal was concluded by IR & HPTLC analysis. Though present in small quantities, it was found to produce considerable effects The results of the present study indicate that the ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans was non-toxic up to dose level of 2000mg/kg body weight in albino rats as per acute oral toxicity studies. 1/10th of the LD50 Dose is 200mg/kg is used for Pharmacological screening Evaluation of anti-obesity activity of ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans showed significant anti obesity property by the obtained significant results against Progesterone induced obesity. From the results observed in the Progesterone induced obesity, it may be concluded that the test compound at the dose of 200mg/kg body weight displays a significant anti- obesity activity compared to standard drug Orlistat. The ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans at a dose of 200mg/kg exhibited significant hypolipidemic activity in Fructose induced hyperlipidemic rats. This is showed by the reduction of serum lipid parameters such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, SGOT and SGPT with an increase in HDL concentration in the group treated with 200mg/kg of Ethanolic Extract of Withania coagulans. It is found that there is a significant reduction in the Serum glucose. The ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans was subjected to the Tail Flick Analgesic test, showed a significant inhibitory effect. The ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans was subjected to the Anthelmintic activity against Pheritima posthuma, showed a significant inhibitory effect at higher doses 75mg/10ml of Normal Saline & 100mg/10ml of Normal Saline. The ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans was subjected to the antimicrobial test, showed a significant inhibitory effect on both gram positive, gram negative bacteria and also fungi. In future, further investigation might provide an insight to identify the functional groups in the ethanolic extract of Withania coagulans active responsible for the behavioral coordination, antiobesity, antihyperlipidemic, analgesic, anthelmintic, and antimicrobial effect and to elucidate the exact mechanism of action, which is responsible for the observed significant activity with low toxicity and better therapeutic inde

Inhibition of Mild Steel Corrosion in 1N H2SO4 Medium by Acid Extract of Nyctanthes arbortristis Leaves

Efficiency of acid extract of dry Nyctanthes arbortristis (Night Jasmine, Coral Jasmine) leaves as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 1N H2SO4 medium was investigated in the present study. Experimental methods include weight loss and polarization studies. The results indicate Nyctanthes arbortristis leaves to be a good corrosion inhibitor of a mixed type and having efficiency as high as 90% at 1% inhibitor concentration

Emblica Officinalis (Indian Gooseberry) Leaves Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1N HCl Medium

Corrosion inhibition efficiency of acid extract of dry Emblica officinalis leaves for mild steel in 1N HCl medium is investigated in the present study. Experimental methods include weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization and impedance studies. The results indicate Emblica officinalis leaves to be a good corrosion inhibitor of a mixed type and having efficiency of 87.9% at 2% v/v inhibitor concentration. Corrosion inhibition may be due to the spontaneous physical adsorption of the plant constituents on the mild steel surface. Experimental data fitted the Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich and Flory-Huggins adsorption isotherms

Corrosion behaviour of mild steel in sulphuric acid- Effect of halides

The effect of halide ions on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in sulphuric acid medium was studied. Weight loss and polarization studies were carried out in 1 M sulphuric acid and at various concentration of the halide ions (chloride, bromide and iodide). The results revealed that corrosion of mild steel is more in acid medium without halide ions. Halide ions reduce the rate of corrosion and the inhibition efficiency is found to be in the order iodide > bromide > chlorid

Comparison on the corrosion rates of copper, zinc and brass in Pongamia and Jatropha biodiesels

Corrosion is one of the most important topics very relevant to the biodiesel compatibility issue. The corrosive effects of biodiesel are mainly caused by the presence of water and free fatty acids. In the present investigation, the compatibility of biodiesels from Pongamia, Jatropha and their different blends (5%, 10% and 20%) with diesel on copper, zinc and brass has been studied by mass loss method for a period of 100 h. Though the studied metals in pongamia, jatropha and diesel blends behave in different magnitude, the least corrosion rate is observe in commercial diesel when compare to biodiesels in all the metals. The effect of temperature on the corrosivity of biodiesels and their blends with diesel has been investigated by linear polarization resistance method. The changes in surface morphology and corrosion products on the biodiesels expose metal surfaces examined by optical microscope and X-ray diffraction. Copper and brass coupons in JBD show only base metal peaks and intense carbonate peak in zinc which prove the least corrosivity of JBD in studied metals

Comparison on the corrosion rates of copper, zinc and brass in <em>Pongamia</em> and <em>Jatropha</em> biodiesels

417-423Corrosion is one of the most important topics very relevant to the biodiesel compatibility issue. The corrosive effects of biodiesel are mainly caused by the presence of water and free fatty acids. In the present investigation, the compatibility of biodiesels from Pongamia, Jatropha and their different blends (5%, 10% and 20%) with diesel on copper, zinc and brass has been studied by mass loss method for a period of 100 h. Though the studied metals in pongamia, jatropha and diesel blends behave in different magnitude, the least corrosion rate is observe in commercial diesel when compare to biodiesels in all the metals. The effect of temperature on the corrosivity of biodiesels and their blends with diesel has been investigated by linear polarization resistance method. The changes in surface morphology and corrosion products on the biodiesels expose metal surfaces examined by optical microscope and X-ray diffraction. Copper and brass coupons in JBD show only base metal peaks and intense carbonate peak in zinc which prove the least corrosivity of JBD in studied metals

Nonlinear analysis of irregular temperature distribution in a heat exchanger using fractional derivative

A nonlinear system of fractional differential equations with variable specific heat was solved to investigate the heat transfer in a shell and tube heat exchanger. The fractional differential transform method (FDTM) is implemented to transform the governing nonlinear energy balance equations into recursive relations and algebraic expressions. Using inverse differential transform method, these recurrence equations are solved and the closed-form series solutions are obtained to predict the temperature distributions and the effect of variable-specific heat for different values of nonlinearity. The current results perfectly coincide with the solution obtained by the finite difference method. The irregular temperature distributions obtained for different values are statistically validated. The comparative study is carried out among the proposed FDTM, Fractional Generalized Homotopy Analysis Method and Homotopy Perturbation Method for the fractional system to strengthen the results. Using the reduced linear system of energy balance equations, the exit temperatures are predicted and the results are verified by the log mean temperature difference method. The obtained solutions reveal that with minimum computational effort FDTM can produce accurate results for nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations, that often arise in the heat transfer analysis in a heat exchanger equipment