5 research outputs found
Vortex dynamics under pulsatile flow in axisymmetric constricted tubes
An improved understanding of how vortices develop and propagate under
pulsatile flow can shed important light on the mixing and transport processes
including the transition to turbulent regime occurring in such systems. For
example, the characterization of pulsatile flows in obstructed artery models
serves to encourage research into flow-induced phenomena associated with
changes in morphology, blood viscosity, wall elasticity and flow rate. In this
work, an axisymmetric rigid model was used to study the behaviour of the flow
pattern with varying constriction degree (), mean Reynolds number
() and Womersley number (). Velocity fields were acquired
experimentally using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry and generated
numerically. For the acquisition of data, was varied from 385 to
2044, was 1.0 cm and 1.6 cm, and was varied from 17 to 33 in the
experiments and from 24 to 50 in the numerical simulations. Results for the
considered Reynolds number, showed that the flow pattern consisted of two main
structures: a central jet around the tube axis and a recirculation zone
adjacent to the inner wall of the tube, where vortices shed. Using the
vorticity fields, the trajectory of vortices was tracked and their displacement
over their lifetime calculated. The analysis led to a scaling law equation for
the maximum vortex displacement as a function of a dimensionless variable
dependent on the system parameters Re and
Lagrangian mixing of pulsatile flows in constricted tubes
In this work several lagrangian methods were used to analyze the mixing
processes in an experimental model of a constricted artery under a pulsatile
flow. Upstream Reynolds number was changed between 1187 and 1999, while
the pulsatile period was kept fixed at 0.96s. Velocity fields were acquired
using Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) for a region of interest (ROI)
located downstream of the constriction. The flow is composed of a central jet
and a recirculation region near the wall where vortex forms and sheds. To study
the mixing processes, finite time Lyapunov exponents (FTLE) fields and
concentration maps were computed. Two lagrangian coherent structures (LCS)
responsible for mixing and transporting fluid were found from FTLE ridges. A
first LCS delimits the trailing edge of the vortex, separating the flow that
enters the ROI between successive periods. A second LCS delimits the leading
edge of the vortex. This LCS concentrates the highest particle agglomeration,
as verified by the concentration maps. Moreover, from the particle residence
time maps (RT) the probability for a fluid particle of leaving the ROI before
one cycle was measured. As increases, the probability of leaving the ROI
increases from 0.6 to 0.95. Final position maps were introduced to
evaluate the flow mixing between different subregions of the ROI. These maps
allowed us to compute an exchange index between subregions,
, which shows the main region responsible for the mixing
increase with . Finally by integrating the results of the different
lagrangian methods (FTLE, Concentration maps, RT and maps), a
comprehensive description of the mixing and transport of the flow was provided
Elucidating coherent structures, transport barriers and entrainment in turbulent fountains in stratified media
We analyse the flow organization of turbulent fountains in stratified media
under different conditions, using three-dimensional finite-time Lyapunov
exponents. The dominant Lagrangian coherent structures responsible for the
transport barriers in three different configurations suggest a self-similarity
behaviour. After proposing a criterion for delimiting the boundary surface of
the uprising fountain, we quantify the entrainment and re-entrainment rates
under fully developed flow conditions using the proper coefficients. Finally,
our analysis was applied to the Selective Inverted Sink, a technological
application of turbulent fountains, identifying turbulence as the primary
mechanism favouring the device's efficiency
Wave Farms Integration in a 100% renewable isolated small power system -frequency stability and grid compliance analysis
The increase in the penetration of variable renewable energies (RE) is having a negative impact on the frequency of electrical grids due to effects such as the reduction of inertia when RE is connected by power electronics systems. In addition, the deterioration of the electrical frequency causes that the frequency containment mechanisms to act more frequently, which increases the wear and tear on the conventional generation plants that supply them. Within variable renewable energies is wave energy, which adds to the variability (or lack of manageability) of other renewable energies (e.g. wind, solar) an oscillatory component that translates into an oscillating power injected in the electrical grid. This power oscillation produces oscillations in electrical frequency that can take an electrical system outside of normal operating limits. The effect of frequency oscillations is magnified in weak electrical grids such as the insular system in which the study of this article is proposed, the island of El Hierro. A specific tool is used to evaluate the electrical frequency of the system, also evaluating the wear and tear of conventional generation plants. The limits in the penetration of the wave generation are analyzed for this specific power system