Artvin’de doğal yetişen arbutus andrachne l.’nin meyve ve çiçeklerinin toplam fenolik madde içeriği ve antioksidan aktivitesinin belirlenmesi

Arbutus andrachne L. is widespread as Mediterranean enclave in the Black Sea Region, while it is found naturally in the Mediterranean and Aegean Region of Turkey. In this study, antioxidant activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined in the fruits and flowers of A. andrachne samples obtained from Artvin. The antioxidant activity was analyzed using the DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP methods. In addition, while the total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, the aluminum chloride assay was used to measure the total flavonoid content. According to the results, the flowers of A. andrachne have higher contents in respect to antioxidant activity (104.81±4.75 µmol FeSO4.7H2O/g dry sample), phenolic (43.57±2.85 mg GA/g dry sample) and flavonoid (114.28±1.49 mg Que/g dry sample) than its fruits. It was concluded that the flowers and fruits of A. andrachne are good source of phenolic and antioxidant.Arbutus andrachne L. Akdeniz ve Ege bölgesinde doğal olarak bulunurken, Karadeniz bölgesinde Akdeniz enklav’ı olarak yayılır. Bu çalışmada Artvin’den alınan A. andrachne örneklerinin meyve ve çiçeklerinin antioksidan aktivite, toplam fenolik ve flavonoid madde içerikleri belirlendi. Antioksidan aktivite, DPPH radikal temizleme aktivite ve FRAP yöntemleri kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Toplam fenolik madde miktarı Folin-Ciocalteu yöntemi, toplam flavonoid miktarı alüminyum klorür yöntemi kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçlara göre, A. andrachne’nin çiçekleri meyvelerinden daha yüksek antioksidan aktiviteye (104.81±4.75 µmol FeSO4.7H2O/g kuru madde) fenolik (43.57±2.85 mg GA/g kuru madde) ve flavonoid (114.28±1.49 mg Kue/g kuru madde) içeriğe sahiptir. A. andrachne’nin çiçek ve meyvelerinin iyi bir fenol ve antioksidan kaynağı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır

Modern and traditional cooking methods affect the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds content of Trachystemon Orientalis (L.) G. Don

Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don is a medicinal plant with beneficial effects on human health. Its antioxidant and phenolic compound content is higher than most natural plants. This is the first study on the cooking of this consumed plant. This study investigated how different cooking methods and times affect the antioxidant activity and phenolic compound content of Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don. The Folin-Ciocalteu method (FCR), ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), copper-reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC). Phenolic compounds were also determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Microwave cooking, stir-frying and sous vide increased TPC and antioxidant activity (p<0.05). Steaming decreased TPC and antioxidant activity (p<0.05). It was determined that the best cooking method and time was stir-frying for 15 minutes (TPC, CUPRAC and FRAP values 45.18 +/- 3.91 mg GAE/g DW, 15559.39 +/- 106.90 mmol Troloks/g DW and 555.10 +/- 24.05 mu mol Fe (II)/g DW, respectively). Raw Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don was detected with caffeic acid (31.53 +/- 0.25 mg/100 g DW). New phenolic compounds (protocatechuic acid and p-coumaric acid) were formed by boiling, stir-frying, microwaving, and sous vide methods. In conclusion, regarding antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of Trachystemon orientalis (L.) G. Don; the best cooking methods are microwave, stir-frying, and sous vide (p<0.05). The most wrong cooking method is steaming (p<0.05)

Türkiye’nin Artvin ve Giresun bölgelerindeki Kantaron (Hypericum montbretii ve Hypericum bupleuroides) ve Karaçalı (Paliurus spina-christi Mill) bitkilerinin antioksidan ve antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin karşılaştırılması

Antioxidant activity 13 different samples of medicinal and aromatic plants of Centaury (Hypericum montbretii), Centaury (Hypericum bupleuroides), Blackthorn (Paliurus spina-christi Mill), including leaf, flower and stem, was investigated using DPPH, FRAP and CUPRAC methods. Total flavonoid, total phenolic amount and the antibacterial features of extracts from these herbs were also determined. According to the obtained of antioxidant datas, except for the result of total polyphenol assay, the dried leaves of Centuary (Hypericum montbretii) had the best antioxidant property that was realized in all results. Accordingly test of total polyphenol, the content of yellow flower of Centuary (Hypericum montbretii) herb was measured as of 22.48±0.66 mg GAE /g dry herb sample and so this herb had the highest total phenolic content. Antimicrobial activity tests were carried out using disc diffusion methods with 12 microbial species and the most of them displayed good-moderate antimicrobial and antifungal activity.Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkilerden olan Kantaron (Hypericum montbretii ve Hypericum bupleuroides) ve karaçalı (Paliurus spina-christi Mill) bitkilerinin yaprak, çiçek ve kök gibi kısımlarından oluşan 13 farklı örneğin antioksidan aktivitesi DPPH, FRAP ve CUPRAC yöntemleri kulanılarak incelenmiştir. Aynı zamanda bitki ekstraktların toplam fenolik ve toplam flavonoid miktarları da ölçülmüş ve antimikrobiyal özellikleri de belirlenmiştir. Antioksidan aktivite sonuçlarına göre tüm analizler içinde (toplam polifenol miktar analizi hariç) en iyi aktivite Kantaron (Hypericum montbretii) bitkisinin kuru yaprağında olduğu bulunmuştur. Toplam polifenol analizine göre ise en yüksek aktivitenin 22.485±0.656 mg GAE /g değeri ile Kantaron’un (Hypericum montbretii) çiçek kısmına ait olduğu görülmüştür. Antimikrobiyal analizler ise disk düfüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak yapılmış ve bitki ekstraktlarının 12 tane test mikrorganizması üzerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu sonuçlara göre bitkilerden çoğunun bakterilere ve mantar suşlarına karşı iyi derecede aktivite gösterdiği gözlenmiştir

The effect of white tea on serum TNF-α/NF-κB and immunohistochemical parameters in cisplatin-related renal dysfunction in female rats

The study was funded by a grant from the scientific research foundation of Recep Tayyip Erdogan University .Objective: Nephrotoxicity is the most important side effect of the antineoplastic drug cisplatin, thereby restricting its use. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of white tea infusions (WT) against renal damage induced by cisplatin (CP) in rats by biochemical and histopathological means. Materials and methods: This study used 24 female Sprague Dawley rats at 12–14 weeks of age and weighing 250–300 g. Rats were divided into three groups: Control, CP and CP + WT groups. CP was injected 7 mg/kg i.p as a single dose/rat in the CP group. White tea was given at a dose of 0.5% (w/v) for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) along with caspase-3 in the kidney were evaluated in study. Results: BUN, creatinine, TNF-α NF-κB and IL-6 levels of the CP group showed a statisically significant increase in comparison to the control group. TNF-α NF-κB and IL-6 levels showed a statistically significant decrease in the CP + WT group with respect to the CP group. Caspase-3 levels in tubular epithelial cells decreased in CP + WT group compared with CP group (p = 0.02). Conclusion: White tea infusions reduced significantly the nephrotoxicity of CP. The anti-nephrotoxic feature of the infusion may be attributed primarily to its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic characteristics

Effects of geraniol on anxiety/depression-like behavior and hippocampal cholinergic system in rats

Amaç: Kronik stresin depresyon benzeri davranışları arttırdığı bilinmektedir. Geraniol nöromodülatör ve antidepresan etkileri bilinen doğal bir monoterpendir. Bu çalışma, kronik kısıtlama stresi depresyon modeli sıçanlarda geraniolun kolinerjik sistem üzerine olası etkilerini araştırmak için tasarlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmada erişkin 21 adet dişi sıçan kullanıldı. Sıçanlara 3 hafta süreyle günde 5 saat kısıtlama stresi uygulandı. Geraniol oral gavaj yoluyla 100 mg/kg uygulandı. Stres ve ilaç uygulamalarını takiben açık alan testi ile anksiyete, zorunlu yüzme testi ile depresyon benzeri davranışlar değerlendirildi. Daha sonra sıçanlar ötenazi edilerek hipokampus disekte edildi. Asetilkolin (ACh) ve asetilkolinesteraz (AChE) düzeyleri hipokampal doku homojenatlarında ELISA yöntemi ile belirlendi. Bulgular: Stres maruziyeti anksiyete benzeri davranışı belirgin olarak etkilemedi ancak zorunlu yüzme testlerinde depresyon benzeri davranış parametrelerini uyardı. Geraniolun strese bağlı artan hareketsizlik süresini önemli ölçüde azalttığı tespit edildi (p<0.05). Dahası, stres maruziyeti ve geraniol uygulamasının hipomkampal ACh düzeylerini anlamlı olarak etkilemediği gözlemlendi (p>0.05). Diğer yandan, kronik stres AChE düzeylerini önemli ölçüde azalttı (p<0.05). Geraniol tedavisinin AChE düzeylerini belirgin olarak değiştirmediği tespit edildi (p>0.05). Sonuç: Birlikte ele alındığında, bulgularımız kısıtlama stresinin sıçanlarda depresyon benzeri davranışı uyardığı, geraniol tedavisinin ise antidepresan benzeri etkilerini ortaya koydu. Bununla birlikte, geraniolun antidepresan benzeri etkisinin moleküler mekanizmasının ileri çalışmalarla araştırılmasını öneriyoruz.Objective: It is known that chronic stress increases depression-like behaviors. Geraniol is a natural monoterpene known for its neuromodulatory and antidepressant effects. This study was designed to investigate the possible effects of geraniol on the cholinergic system in chronic restraint stress depression model rats. Materials and Methods: 21 adult female rats were used in the study. Restraint stress was applied to rats for 5 hours a day for 3 weeks. Geraniol was administered at 100 mg/kg by oral gavage. Anxiety was evaluated with the open field test, and depression-like behaviors were evaluated with the forced swimming test following stress and drug administration. Then the rats were euthanized and the hippocampus was dissected. Acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels were determined in hippocampal tissue homogenates by ELISA method. Results: Stress exposure did not significantly affect anxiety-like behavior, but it stimulated depression-like behavior parameters in forced swimming tests. It was determined that geraniol significantly decreased the increased immobility time due to stress (p<0.05). Moreover, it was observed that stress exposure and geraniol administration did not significantly affect hippocampal ACh levels (p>0.05). On the other hand, chronic stress significantly decreased AChE levels (p<0.05). Geraniol treatment did not significantly change AChE levels (p>0.05). Conclusion: Taken together, our findings revealed that restraint stress induces depression-like behavior in rats, while geraniol treatment has antidepressant-like effects. However, we suggest that the molecular mechanism of the antidepressant-like effect of geraniol be investigated with further studies

Tragopogon oligolepis’ın fitokimyasal içeriği, antioksidan ve antiquorum sensing özelliğinin belirlenmesi

Objective: In this study it was aimed to examine antiquorum sensing, antioxidant activities by using root and aerial parts extracts of Tragopogon oligolepis. Also phenolic content was detected using HPLC analysis. Material-Method: Antioxidant activity was detected by DPPH, FRAP methods and phenolic content HPLC. Antiquorum sensing activity was investigated by using pyocyanin and swarming motility assay on Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Results: Phytochemical profile findings showed that 12 components were detected in the root and 10 components in the aerial parts. The main components were found chlorogenic acid and o-coumaric acid. According to the obtained of antioxidant levels the aerial parts extracts of T. oligolepis had the best antioxidant property in our results. The amount of DPPH (0.60 ± 0.01 mg/ml) and phenolic content (6.55±0.18 mg GAE/g sample) was determined to be high in the aerial parts. In the FRAP analysis, high reducing power was found in the roots (12.62±0.36 μmol FeSO4/g sample). According to these results, although T. oligolepis extracts do not reach very high amounts in terms of antioxidant results, it is thought to be a plant that can be evaluated in terms of removing oxidant effects. The results of antiquorum sensing activity showed that both root and aerial parts extract showed strong inhibitory effect on swarming motility 62%, %65 rate respectively. Conclusions: Tragopogon oligolepis, an endemic species, can be evaluated as an antiquorum sensing inhibitor candidate with its phytochemical contents.Amaç: Bu çalışmada, Tragopogon oligolepis'in kök ve toprak üstü kısım ekstraktları kullanılarak antiquorum sensing ve antioksidan aktivitelerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca HPLC analizi kullanılarak fenolik içerik tespit edilmiştir. Gereç Yöntem: Antioksidan aktivite DPPH, FRAP yöntemleri ve fenolik içerik HPLC ile tespit edildi. Çevreyi algılama aktivitesi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 üzerinde piyosiyanin ve kayma hareketi testi kullanılarak araştırıldı. Bulgular: Fitokimyasal profil bulguları, kökte 12 bileşen ve toprak üstü kısımlarda 10 bileşen tespit edildiğini göstermiştir. Ana bileşenler klorojenik asit ve o-kumarik asit olarak bulunmuştur. Elde edilen antioksidan seviyelerine göre, sonuçlarımızda en iyi antioksidan özelliği T. oligolepis'in toprak üstü kısımları ekstreleri göstermiştir. Toprak üstü kısımlarda DPPH (0.60 ± 0.01 mg/mL) ve fenolik içerik (6.55±0.18 mg GAE/g numune) miktarının yüksek olduğu belirlendi. FRAP analizinde köklerde yüksek indirgeme tespit edildi (12.62±0.36 μmol FeSO4/g numune). Antiquorum sensing sonuçlarına göre ise kök ve toprak üstü ektraktları kayma hareketi üzerine %62 ve %65 oranında güçlü inhibisyon etki göstermiştir. Sonuç: Elde edilen sonuçlar neticesinde endemik bir tür olan T. oligolepis, fitokimyasal içeriği ile antiquorum sensing inhibitör adayı olarak değerlendirilebilir

Chemical composition of essential oil by SPME and evaluation of antimicrobial, antioxidant activities of quercus inectoria GALL

Quercus infectoria galls have been utilized to cure widespread illnesses. In line with it, this paper aims to investigate the chemical combination of the volatile oils obtained from galls of Q. infectoria and evaluate their antioxidant and antimicrobial features. The volatiles of Q. infectoria has been isolated by solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The compositions of the volatiles were revealed via gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-nine substances have been characterized in the volatile essential oil of Q. infectoria. The major components of the volatile oil were (Z)-Anethol 28.55%, pentadecanolide (26.44%), diethyl phthalate (6.46%), and acetoin (5.66%). Q. infectoria showed good-moderate antimicro-bial (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptomyces griseolus, Pseudomonas citronellosis) and antifungal (Candida glabrata, Candida krusei) activities against to test microorganisms with MIC value 250 μg/mL and 125 μg/mL, respectively. Also, total flavonoid and total polyphenol amounts were found for Q. infectoria, and our to-tal polyphenol result (342.87 mg GAE/g) was found higher than the studies in the literature. At the same time Q. infectoria has been observed to have high antioxidant activity according to DPPH, FRAP, and CUPRAC assays. Especially it exhibited excellent DPPH activity for the IC50 rate of 0.002 μg/mL which is higher than the standard Trolox (IC50 = 0.008 μg/mL). This study is important because it is the first one, which reports the determination of essential oil, total polyphenol, flavonoid contents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities all together for Q. infectoria

Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extrackts in different solvents

Bu çalışmada Giresun ilinde yetişen yaban mersininin (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) meyve ve yaprağı, hem yaş hem de kurutulmuş halinin dört farklı çözücüdeki ekstraktları (etanol, aseton, su ve dietil eter) ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Bitkisel ürünlerin antioksidan kapasitelerini değerlendirmek için çeşitli yöntemler kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntemler, FRAP (Fe3+ İndirgeme Antioksidan Gücü), DPPH? giderme ve toplam polifenol tayinini içermektedir. FRAP tayini yönünden, ekstraktların indirgeme güçlerinin aseton > etanol > su > dietil eter şeklinde sıralandığı görülmüştür. Serbest radikal giderme aktivitesi antioksidan sonuçlarına göre, kurutulmuş halde alınan örneklerin ekstraktları, yaş haline göre daha iyi düzeyde DPPH radikali giderme aktivitesi sergilemiştir ve en yüksek aktiviteyi çözücüsü etanol olan kuru yaprak ekstraktının gösterdiği bulunmuştur. Toplam fenolik madde miktarı tayinine göre ise, ekstraktlarda var olan fenolik madde içeriklerinin gallik asit eşdeğeri cinsinden 0.121±0.00-19.484±1.85 mg/g aralığında değiştiği ve en yüksek aktiviteyi yaban mersininin çözücüsü su olan kuru yaprak ekstraktının gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda bitki ekstrelerindeki antimikrobiyal aktivite, Agar disk difüzyon yöntemi kullanılarak tespit edilmiştir. Yaban mersini bitkisi ile hazırlanan ekstraktlar arasında, çözücüsü etanol ve aseton olan ekstrakların test mikroorganizmalarının çoğuna karşı iyi derecede aktivite gösterdiği bulunmuştur.In this study, both fresh and dried fruit, leaves extracts of bilberies (V. myrtillus L.) growed in Giresun have been investigated in four different solvents (ethanol, acetone, water and diethyl ether). Several methods have been utilized to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of plant materials. These methods include FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), DPPH? (free radical) and analysis of total polyphenol. The reducing powers of extract have been acetone > ethanol > water > diethyl ether respectively. According to free radical scavenging activity results, the extracts obtained dried samples have had better DPPH radical scavenging results than fresh ones and the dried leaves extracts in ethanol have showed the highest activity. According to analysis of total phenol, the phenolic contents in extracts have been determined as gallic acid equivalent ranging from 0.121±0.00 to 19.484±1.85 mg/g and the dried bilberry leaves extracts in water have showed the highest activity. In addition, antimicrobial activities of plant extracts have been determined by the agar disk diffusion method. The extracts with ethanol and acetone among all bilberry extract have been showed a good degree of activity against most of tested microorganisms

Hepatoprotective potential of chestnut bee pollen on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damages in rats

This study was supported by Research Fund of Karadeniz Technical University (Project no. 2009.111.002.5). Two of the authors, Oktay Yildiz and Huseyin Sahin, were funded by TUBITAK-BIDEB for their graduate studies.Bee pollen has been used as an apitherapy agent for several centuries to treat burns, wounds, gastrointestinal disorders, and various other diseases. The aim of our study was to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of chestnut bee pollen against carbon tetrachloride (CCI4)-induced liver damage. Total phenolic content, flavonoid, ferric reducing/antioxidant power, and DPPH radical activity measurements were used as antioxidant capacity determinants of the pollen. The study was conducted in rats as seven groups. Two different concentrations of chestnut bee pollens (200 and 400 mg/kg/day) were given orally and one group was administered with silibinin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for seven days to the rats following the CCI4 treatment. The protective effect of the bee pollen was monitored by aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (AST) activities, histopathological imaging, and antioxidant parameters from the blood and liver samples of the rats. The results were compared with the silibinin-treated and untreated groups. We detected that CCI4 treatment induced liver damage and both the bee pollen and silibinin-treated groups reversed the damage; however, silibinin caused significant weight loss and mortality due, severe diarrhea in the rats. The chestnut pollen had showed 28.87 mg GAE/g DW of total phenolic substance, 8.07 mg QUE/g DW of total flavonoid, 92.71 mg Cyn-3-glu/kg DW of total anthocyanins, and 9 mg beta-carotene/100 g DW of total carotenoid and substantial amount of antioxidant power according to FRAP and DPPH activity. The results demonstrated that the chestnut bee pollen protects the hepatocytes from the oxidative stress and promotes the healing of the liver damage induced by CCI4 toxicity. Our findings suggest that chestnut bee pollen can be used as a safe alternative to the silibinin in the treatment of liver injuries

Comparison of two pandemics: H1N1 and SARS-CoV-2

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare the clinical, epidemiological, and prognostic features of the H1N1 pandemic in 2009 and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic in 2020. METHODS: This retrospective study involved subjects from seven centers that were admitted and found to be positive for H1N1 or COVID-19 real-time polymerase chain reaction test. RESULTS: A total of 143 patients with H1N1 and 309 patients with COVID-19 were involved in the study. H1N1 patients were younger than COVID-19 ones. While 58.7% of H1N1 patients were female, 57.9% of COVID-19 patients were male. Complaints of fever, cough, sputum, sore throat, myalgia, weakness, headache, and shortness of breath in H1N1 patients were statistically higher than in COVID-19 ones. The duration of symptoms until H1N1 patients were admitted to the hospital was shorter than that for COVID-19 patients. Leukopenia was more common in COVID-19 patients. C-reactive protein levels were higher in COVID-19 patients, while lactate dehydrogenase levels were higher in H1N1 ones. The mortality rate was also higher in H1N1 cases. CONCLUSIONS: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic is a major public health problem that continues to affect the world with its high rate of contagion. In addition, no vaccines or a specific drug for the benefit of millions of people have been found yet. The H1N1 pandemic is an epidemic that affected the whole world about ten years ago and was prevented by the development of vaccines at a short period. Experience in the H1N1 pandemic may be the guide to prevent the COVID-19 pandemic from a worse end