Occurrence of Microorganisms in Treated Wastewater Effluent and Their Impact on the Surface and Groundwater Resources

Microorganisms are typically present in all media and they pose a greater threat to environmental sources and general health. The most significant part that has been affected by microorganisms is water since it plays a major role in all vital bodily functions. A sufficient water supply is a basic need for humanity. Yet, many nations around the world do not have access to safe and potable water, and many people die because of waterborne pathogens. For this reason, the immediate actions that many countries have adopted are the construction of water and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to reduce dangers related to these pathogens. Nevertheless, pathogens can escape when the processing of wastewater is not applied correctly. Therefore, pathogens can find their way into sludge, effluent, agricultural land, and ultimately water bodies. Considering all points mentioned above, this review briefly discusses the effects of microorganisms in water resources and displays dangers related to human health, and subsequently focuses on the survival and transport of microorganisms. Conventional and advanced processes for pathogen removal from wastewater are also discussed. Keywords:Water resources, WWTPs, microorganisms, wastewater, effluents, human health, surviving, transport. DOI: 10.7176/CER/14-5-02 Publication date:August 31st 202

Impact of Sand Drifts on Jordanian Railway Infrastructures: Alternatives and Mitigation Measures

Railways play a critical role in connecting urban and rural regions, thereby promoting the economic sectors of a country. Nevertheless, railway tracks may suffer from several infrastructural problems and deficiencies including sand drifts, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. This research aims to provide an analytical review of sand-laden drifts and winds, and the measures that can alleviate their impacts on the Aqaba railway tracks, Jordan. It also studies the influence of phosphate deposition as a result of trucks’ passage on the railway tracks. General and practical recommendations from a socio-geographical context are also highlighted in view of proposing tactical solutions and identifying prospects for upcoming research to advance the technical and economical efficiency of the Jordanian railway network. Keywords: Sand drifts, wind, railway network, railway infrastructures, mitigation measures. DOI: 10.7176/CER/14-5-01 Publication date:August 31st 202

Ecotourism Intention in Jordan: The Role of Ecotourism Attitude, Ecotourism Interest, and Destination Image

The goal of this research was to check the impact of eco-tourism attitude, eco-tourism interest, and destination image on eco-intention. The sample size of this study was 309, gathered using convenience sampling. The data collection instrument was developed using five-point Likert scale. The data was analyzed by using PLS-SEM. The findings of data analysis showed that the ecotourism attitude was positively affecting the ecotourism interest. However, ecotourism attitude was not significantly affecting the ecotourism intention. The ecotourism interest was positively affecting the ecotourism intention. The destination image was also significantly affecting ecotourism intention. Ecotourism service operators may work with tourism community members for creating projects targeting domestic people and provide them with learning experiences regarding nature, ecological and cultural heritage protection attempts and initiatives, and how ecotourism will support such efforts and initiatives and conserve them