Fighting Collateral Sanctions One Statute at a Time: Addressing the Inadequacy of Child Endangerment Statutes and How They Affect the Employment Aspirations of Criminal Offenders

In an age where one in four adult Americans has a criminal record, post-conviction relief measures and review of criminal statutes is on the rise. This Comment addresses the inadequacy of current child endangerment statutes around the country by providing examples of those which are too broad and result in convictions of well-meaning parents and those which are too narrow and allow other parents to harm their children without repercussion. It then places these statutes in the context of collateral sanctions that are imposed on individuals with child endangerment convictions, particularly those related to employment and professional licensing

The Effects of Contralateral Exercise On Patient Pain and Range of Motion

Clinicians are commonly tasked with treating patients suffering from range of motion (ROM) deficits, pain, or both. Treatment options intended to increase ROM, decrease pain and restore function are vast. Often interventions are used that focus on a singular symptom location (e.g., stretching and joint mobilizations) although a long-standing call exists to utilize global approaches to treating dysfunction. This review was conducted to determine whether evidence exists to support the use of contralateral exercise (CE)to treatROM deficits or pain

Effect of adrenomedullin over-expression in the cardiovascular system during development and disease

Since the discovery of adrenomedullin (Adm - gene; AM - protein) in 1993, many roles for this widely expressed peptide have been described in the cardiovascular system. Numerous studies have determined that circulating levels of AM in human blood are elevated during many disease conditions, leading to questions about the feasibility of using this peptide as a biomarker of disease severity, as well as inquiries into the function of elevated AM in these contexts. In order to evaluate the effect of elevated AM during disease, gene-targeting techniques were used to generate mice that constitutively over-express Adm, abbreviated as Admhi/hi. The initial phenotypical analysis of this line revealed that Admhi/hi mice have enlarged hearts due to hyperplasia during development. Through genetic approaches, we determined that Adm over-expression primarily in the epicardium promotes this cardiac hyperplasia. Analysis of Adm expression levels between male and female Admhi/hi animals led to the unexpected finding that female Admhi/hi mice express Adm at levels 60-times greater than wildtype controls in the heart; whereas Admhi/hi males over-express Adm by 3-fold in the heart. Previous studies have demonstrated that Adm expression can be induced by estrogen; however, the potential for estrogen-induced negative regulation of Adm had not been explored. We found that many estrogen-induced microRNAs target the 3'UTR of Adm, including the novel microRNA, miR-879, to balance Adm expression in the female heart. Finally, many groups have demonstrated that AM provides protection to the heart during cardiovascular disease. Nonetheless, whether the physiological elevation of AM during human disease affects disease progression remains unknown. We asked whether constitutive over-expression of AM in the context of chronic hypertension provided any benefit by crossing the renin transgenic mouse model of hypertension to the Admhi/hi line. From this study, we found that Adm over-expression did not alter the degree of hypertrophy or fibrosis in the heart. However, the results from this study are inconclusive, as the renin transgenic mice with wildtype levels of Adm did not exhibit the cardiac fibrosis previously reported, indicating that the mixed genetic background of our experimental animals alters cardiovascular pathology independent of Adm status.Doctor of Philosoph

Evolution of giant molecular clouds across cosmic time

Giant molecular clouds (GMCs) are well studied in the local Universe, however, exactly how their properties vary during galaxy evolution is poorly understood due to challenging resolution requirements, both observational and computational. We present the first time-dependent analysis of GMCs in a Milky Way-like galaxy and an Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC)-like dwarf galaxy of the FIRE-2 (Feedback In Realistic Environments) simulation suite, which have sufficient resolution to predict the bulk properties of GMCs in cosmological galaxy formation self-consistently. We show explicitly that the majority of star formation outside the galactic centre occurs within self-gravitating gas structures that have properties consistent with observed bound GMCs. We find that the typical cloud bulk properties such as mass and surface density do not vary more than a factor of 2 in any systematic way after the first Gyr of cosmic evolution within a given galaxy from its progenitor. While the median properties are constant, the tails of the distributions can briefly undergo drastic changes, which can produce very massive and dense self-gravitating gas clouds. Once the galaxy forms, we identify only two systematic trends in bulk properties over cosmic time: a steady increase in metallicity produced by previous stellar populations and a weak decrease in bulk cloud temperatures. With the exception of metallicity, we find no significant differences in cloud properties between the Milky Way-like and dwarf galaxies. These results have important implications for cosmological star and star cluster formation and put especially strong constraints on theories relating the stellar initial mass function to cloud properties

Live Fast, Die Young: GMC lifetimes in the FIRE cosmological simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies

We present the first measurement of the lifetimes of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in cosmological simulations at z = 0, using the Latte suite of FIRE-2 simulations of Milky Way (MW) mass galaxies. We track GMCs with total gas mass ≳10⁵ M⊙ at high spatial (∼1 pc), mass (7100 M⊙), and temporal (1 Myr) resolution. Our simulated GMCs are consistent with the distribution of masses for massive GMCs in the MW and nearby galaxies. We find GMC lifetimes of 5–7 Myr, or 1–2 freefall times, on average, with less than 2 per cent of clouds living longer than 20 Myr. We find decreasing GMC lifetimes with increasing virial parameter, and weakly increasing GMC lifetimes with galactocentric radius, implying that environment affects the evolutionary cycle of GMCs. However, our GMC lifetimes show no systematic dependence on GMC mass or amount of star formation. These results are broadly consistent with inferences from the literature and provide an initial investigation into ultimately understanding the physical processes that govern GMC lifetimes in a cosmological setting

Reproducing the CO-to-H₂ conversion factor in cosmological simulations of Milky-Way-mass galaxies

We present models of CO(1–0) emission from Milky-Way-mass galaxies at redshift zero in the FIRE-2 cosmological zoom-in simulations. We calculate the molecular abundances by post-processing the simulations with an equilibrium chemistry solver while accounting for the effects of local sources, and determine the emergent CO(1–0) emission using a line radiative transfer code. We find that the results depend strongly on the shielding length assumed, which, in our models, sets the attenuation of the incident UV radiation field. At the resolution of these simulations, commonly used choices for the shielding length, such as the Jeans length, result in CO abundances that are too high at a given H₂ abundance. We find that a model with a distribution of shielding lengths, which has a median shielding length of ∼3 pc in cold gas (T < 300 K) for both CO and H₂, is able to reproduce both the observed CO(1–0) luminosity and inferred CO-to-H₂ conversion factor at a given star formation rate compared with observations. We suggest that this short shielding length can be thought of as a subgrid model, which controls the amount of radiation that penetrates giant molecular clouds

A profile in FIRE: resolving the radial distributions of satellite galaxies in the Local Group with simulations

While many tensions between Local Group (LG) satellite galaxies and LCDM cosmology have been alleviated through recent cosmological simulations, the spatial distribution of satellites remains an important test of physical models and physical versus numerical disruption in simulations. Using the FIRE-2 cosmological zoom-in baryonic simulations, we examine the radial distributions of satellites with Mstar > 10^5 Msun around 8 isolated Milky Way- (MW) mass host galaxies and 4 hosts in LG-like pairs. We demonstrate that these simulations resolve the survival and physical destruction of satellites with Mstar >~ 10^5 Msun. The simulations broadly agree with LG observations, spanning the radial profiles around the MW and M31. This agreement does not depend strongly on satellite mass, even at distances <~ 100 kpc. Host-to-host variation dominates the scatter in satellite counts within 300 kpc of the hosts, while time variation dominates scatter within 50 kpc. More massive host galaxies within our sample have fewer satellites at small distances, likely because of enhanced tidal destruction of satellites via the baryonic disks of host galaxies. Furthermore, we quantify and provide fits to the tidal depletion of subhalos in baryonic relative to dark matter-only simulations as a function of distance. Our simulated profiles imply observational incompleteness in the LG even at Mstar >~ 10^5 Msun: we predict 2-10 such satellites to be discovered around the MW and possibly 6-9 around M31. To provide cosmological context, we compare our results with the radial profiles of satellites around MW analogs in the SAGA survey, finding that our simulations are broadly consistent with most SAGA systems.Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures, plus appendices. Main results in figures 2, 3, and 4. Accepted versio

3D gas-phase elemental abundances across the formation histories of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations: initial conditions for chemical tagging

We use FIRE-2 simulations to examine 3D variations of gas-phase elemental abundances of [O/H], [Fe/H], and [N/H] in 11 MW and M31-mass galaxies across their formation histories at z ≤ 1.5 (⁠tlookback≤9.4Gyr⁠), motivated by characterizing the initial conditions of stars for chemical tagging. Gas within 1kpc of the disc mid-plane is vertically homogeneous to ≲0.008dex at all z ≤ 1.5. We find negative radial gradients (metallicity decreases with galactocentric radius) at all times, which steepen over time from ≈−0.01dexkpc−1 at z = 1 (⁠tlookback=7.8Gyr⁠) to ≈−0.03dexkpc−1 at z = 0, and which broadly agree with observations of the MW, M31, and nearby MW/M31-mass galaxies. Azimuthal variations at fixed radius are typically 0.14dex at z = 1, reducing to 0.05dex at z = 0. Thus, over time radial gradients become steeper while azimuthal variations become weaker (more homogeneous). As a result, azimuthal variations were larger than radial variations at z ≳ 0.8 (⁠tlookback≳6.9Gyr⁠). Furthermore, elemental abundances are measurably homogeneous (to ≲0.05 dex) across a radial range of ΔR≈3.5kpc at z ≳ 1 and ΔR≈1.7kpc at z = 0. We also measure full distributions of elemental abundances, finding typically negatively skewed normal distributions at z ≳ 1 that evolve to typically Gaussian distributions by z = 0. Our results on gas abundances inform the initial conditions for stars, including the spatial and temporal scales for applying chemical tagging to understand stellar birth in the MW

The Ursinus Weekly, March 5, 1951

Helfferich retains MAC title; Voted outstanding • Music Club lists HMS Pinafore as Spring production • Community Chest receives support • MSGA holds discussion on guests\u27 meal prices • Brownback receives material for May 4, 5 grad record exam • Dr. McClure to view Ursinus problems at YM-YWCA meeting • Group presentation of Condemned scores hit • DuPont lecturer shows new super light plastic • Larry Livingston, DuPont manager, to speak here • Dr. Yost to read poetry of Edna St. Vincent Millay • Administration receives additional data on draft • Seniors\u27 original Speak Easy ready for production • Lantern staff prepares issue; Meeting called • Notecrackers lose coin-tossing finals • Charles Lachman donates rug for Library faculty room • Red Cross drive begins • Rushing starts Monday • Editorial: Participation makes spirit; Support Red Cross; Lenten thoughts • L-shaped office is language office, where all is congeniality, cooperation, cordiality • Star gazers view sky, map moon through telescope atop Pfahler Hall • Staff grinds out The Weekly midst daily confusion • Swarthmore knocks Ursinus quintet from league contention in 78-56 win • Jerry Seeders awaits word on call to Army; Was captain in last war • Quintet winds up season in 95-62 loss to Blue Hens • Bear matmen rally, tie Drexel 14-14 • Belles defeat Penn to stay unbeaten • Mermaids capture fourth place in district intercollegiate meet • Club holds supperhttps://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/weekly/1561/thumbnail.jp

Endothelial Restoration of Receptor Activity-Modifying Protein 2 Is Sufficient to Rescue Lethality, but Survivors Develop Dilated Cardiomyopathy.

RAMPs (receptor activity-modifying proteins) serve as oligomeric modulators for numerous G-protein-coupled receptors, yet elucidating the physiological relevance of these interactions remains complex. Ramp2 null mice are embryonic lethal, with cardiovascular developmental defects similar to those observed in mice null for canonical adrenomedullin/calcitonin receptor-like receptor signaling. We aimed to genetically rescue the Ramp2(-/-) lethality in order to further delineate the spatiotemporal requirements for RAMP2 function during development and thereby enable the elucidation of an expanded repertoire of RAMP2 functions with family B G-protein-coupled receptors in adult homeostasis. Endothelial-specific expression of Ramp2 under the VE-cadherin promoter resulted in the partial rescue of Ramp2(-/-) mice, demonstrating that endothelial expression of Ramp2 is necessary and sufficient for survival. The surviving Ramp2(-/-) Tg animals lived to adulthood and developed spontaneous hypotension and dilated cardiomyopathy, which was not observed in adult mice lacking calcitonin receptor-like receptor. Yet, the hearts of Ramp2(-/-) Tg animals displayed dysregulation of family B G-protein-coupled receptors, including parathyroid hormone and glucagon receptors, as well as their downstream signaling pathways. These data suggest a functional requirement for RAMP2 in the modulation of additional G-protein-coupled receptor pathways in vivo, which is critical for sustained cardiovascular homeostasis. The cardiovascular importance of RAMP2 extends beyond the endothelium and canonical adrenomedullin/calcitonin receptor-like receptor signaling, in which future studies could elucidate novel and pharmacologically tractable pathways for treating cardiovascular diseases