Bar chart showing the proportion of children tested in each country with specified test results.

<p>For example, ‘pos/pos’ denotes the proportion of children in each country testing positive for both tests, and ‘pos/tr’ denotes the proportion of children in each country testing positive by Kato-Katz and trace by CCA. Note that the bar showing the proportion of children negative on both tests (75% in Côte d’Ivoire and 76% in Uganda) has been removed from the graph to enable easier comparison of non-negative results.</p

Bar chart showing the proportion of children tested in each country with specified test results.

<p>For example, ‘pos/pos’ denotes the proportion of children in each country testing positive for both tests, and ‘pos/tr’ denotes the proportion of children in each country testing positive by Kato-Katz and trace by CCA. Note that the bar showing the proportion of children negative on both tests (75% in Côte d’Ivoire and 76% in Uganda) has been removed from the graph to enable easier comparison of non-negative results.</p

Plots showing the posterior distributions of sensitivity (left) and specificity (right) of each test in Côte d’Ivoire (blue) and Uganda (green) estimated from a Bayesian Latent Class Analysis.

<p>Note that the x-axis for the specificity has been truncated to begin at 80% to enable easier comparison between tests.</p

Summary statistics for Côte d’Ivoire and Uganda.

<p>KK denotes Kato-Katz.</p

Mycobacteria-specific IFN-γ responses in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated donors.

<p>Responses were measured by stimulating whole blood for 6 days and assaying the culture supernatants for IFN-γ by ELISA. (<b>A</b>) Mycobacteria-specific IFN-γ production in BCG vaccinated (closed circles) unvaccinated (open circles) donors. (<b>B</b>) IFN-γ responses in BCG vaccinated donors with (closed circles) or without (open circles) any travel history to <i>M. tuberculosis</i> endemic areas. (<b>C</b>) PPD-specific IFN-γ in BCG vaccinated donors lacking ESAT-6 or CFP-10 responses. *, P<0.05, ***, P<0.001.</p

Mycobacteria-specific antibody responses in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated donors.

<p>Antibody responses were determined by ELISA. (<b>A</b>) PPD, TT and DT specific antibody levels in BCG vaccinated (closed circles) and unvaccinated donors (open circles). (<b>B</b>) Mycobacteria (Ag85A, Ag85B, ESAT-6, CFP-10 and PPD) specific antibody levels in BCG vaccinated (closed circles) and unvaccinated donors (open circles). (<b>C</b>) Antibody levels in vaccinated donors with (closed circles) or without (open circles) any travel history to <i>M. tuberculosis</i> endemic areas. (<b>D</b>) PPD-specific antibody levels in BCG vaccinated individuals without detectable ESAT-6 or CFP-10 antibody responses.</p

Output from Bayesian LCA showing mean estimate and the 95% Bayesian credible interval.

<p>Sensitivity and specificity and infection prevalence were estimated from the model while all other parameters were estimated from these posterior distributions using the equations described in the methods. The column on the right shows the estimate of the difference between the Côte d’Ivoire and Uganda estimates.</p

Mycobacteria-specific MBC responses in BCG vaccinated and unvaccinated donors.

<p>Frequencies of antigen-specific MBCs were determined by ELISPOT and are presented as a percentage of the total IgG secreting cells. (<b>A</b>) and (<b>B</b>) Frequencies of mycobacteria-specific MBCs in BCG vaccinated (closed circles) and unvaccinated (open circles) donors, (<b>C</b>) MBC responses in vaccinated donors with (closed circles) or without (open circles) any travel history to <i>M. tuberculosis</i> endemic areas. (<b>D</b>) PPD-specific MBC responses in BCG vaccinated individuals without detectable ESAT-6 or CFP-10 MBC responses. ***, P<0.001; **, P<0.01.</p