Additional file 6: Figure S5. of Increased cortical activation upon painful stimulation in fibromyalgia syndrome

Correlation of performance in the verbal fluency test and cortical activation. Correlation between the task related activation in channel 10 over the left hemisphere and the number of correct answers during the letter version of the verbal fluency test (VFT) for patients with FMS and depression (p < 0.05). (PPT 323 kb

Additional file 5: Figure S4. of Increased cortical activation upon painful stimulation in fibromyalgia syndrome

Results of questionnaires for pain, depression, and FMS symptoms. The boxplots give the results of the questionnaire assessment of the study participants. The median, and the first and third quartile are illustrated. (A) Patients with FMS had a higher median pain intensity in the last four weeks as measured by the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) compared to patients with depression and to controls. (B) Also impairment of daily life due to pain in the last four weeks was greater in the FMS group compared to the other groups. (C) When asked for the current pain intensity FMS patients reported higher scores on a numerical rating scale (zero: no pain; ten: worst imaginable pain) then patients with depression or healthy controls. (D) In the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) depressive symptoms were present in the FMS group and also in the group with unipolar depression compared to controls. (E) The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) revealed higher scores for the FMS group compared to the depression group and the controls. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. (PPT 107 kb

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Increased cortical activation upon painful stimulation in fibromyalgia syndrome

Characteristics of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and monopolar depression. (DOC 77 kb

Additional file 3: Figure S2. of Increased cortical activation upon painful stimulation in fibromyalgia syndrome

Pressure pain stimulation. A technician of our group demonstrates the application of pressure on the muscle bulk of the finger extensors using a calibrated algesiometer (Wagner Instruments, USA). (PPT 2368 kb

Additional file 4: Figure S3. of Increased cortical activation upon painful stimulation in fibromyalgia syndrome

Positioning of probe sets. The positions of the emitters (red dots) and the detectors (blue dots) are illustrated over the left and right hemisphere. The channels between the optodes are consecutively numbered. T3, T4, Fp1 and Fp2 are standard electroencephalography points that mark the positions of the detectors between channel 1 and 2 on the left side and channel 3 and 4 on the right side. (PPT 208 kb

Lithium-induced gene expression alterations in two peripheral cell models of bipolar disorder

<p><b>Objectives:</b> The aim of our study was to investigate molecular mechanisms of lithium action by studying the gene expression profile of peripheral cell models generated from bipolar patients (BD) and healthy controls (HC).</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> EBV-immortalised lymphoblastoid cells (LCLs) and fibroblast cells from BD and HC were incubated with either lithium chloride or plain medium for 3 weeks. We first conducted a microarray gene expression study. The most promising differentially regulated genes in terms of lithium-associated or disorder-associated pathways were then replicated by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).</p> <p><b>Results:</b> The pooled microarray analysis showed 459 genes to be differentially regulated in BD compared to HC and 58 due to lithium treatment in LCLs, and 295 genes to be differentially regulated in BD compared to HC and five due to lithium treatment in fibroblasts. After correction for multiple comparison, <i>EPHB1</i> disorder × treatment interactions remained significant in LCLs validated by qRT-PCR. In the control group, lithium influenced the expression of <i>ANP32E</i>, <i>PLEKHA2</i>, <i>KCNK1</i>, <i>PRKCH</i>, <i>ST3GAL6</i> and <i>AIF1</i>. In bipolar and control fibroblast cells lithium treatment decreased <i>FGF9</i> expression.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> The differentially regulated genes in our study add evidence for the relevance of inflammation, neuronal/glial development, phosphatidylinositol second-messenger pathway and ion channels in the mode of action of lithium.</p

Linkage disequilibrium (LD) pattern of <i>AHI1</i> gene.

<p>Figures represent pairwise r² values observed in control subjects from German (a) and Spanish (b) origin. Values are represented in a grayscale ranging from white (no LD) to black (high LD).</p

Single alleles and haplotypes of the <i>AHI1</i> region associated with schizophrenia in the present study.

<p>Significant values are marked in bold. The corrected P-values are indicated in brackets.</p>a<p>To avoid redundant information, other significant haplotypes, which are variations of other larger significant haplotypes from this table, have not been included.</p>b<p>SNP27 had significantly different genotypic distributions in the German and the Spanish sample (heterogeneity <i>P</i> value = 0.016 uncorrected).</p><p>Abbreviations: Cont, control; SCZ, schizophrenia; ns, not significant; perm, permutation; ref, reference haplotype.</p

List of SNPs included in the present study.

<p>Abbreviations: CEU, CEPH collection - DNA samples of Utah residents with ancestry from northern and western Europe; MAF, minor allele frequency.</p

Genomic region and SNPs analyzed in this study.

<p>The position of each SNP is indicated with an orange arrow.</p