CSF concentrations of cAMP negatively correlate with tau protein in CJD.

<p>Correlation of tau protein with cAMP (A) or cGMP (B) concentrations in CSF of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) patients. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (r) and the respective <i>p</i>-values are given.</p

CSF concentrations of cAMP and cGMP are reduced in CJD.

<p>CSF concentrations of cAMP (A) and cGMP (B) in cases with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD, n = 15) and control patients (CON, n = 11) measured by LC-MS/MS. Data are means ± SEM, **<i>p</i><0.01, Mann-Whitney test.</p

Characteristics of potential CSF biomarkers for CJD in ROC analysis.

<p>AUC: area under the curve.</p>1<p>The cut-off was calculated using the Youden index <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0032664#pone.0032664-Baker1" target="_blank">[24]</a>.</p

Cyclic AMP and cGMP are stable in human CSF.

<p>Stability of cAMP and cGMP in human CSF after different handling and storage conditions. A CSF sample was splitted and subjected to the indicated procedures before being measured by LC-MS/MS in triplicate. Data were analysed by a one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison tests to compare the different groups against the control. Data are means ± SD, <i>p</i> = 0.58 (cAMP), <i>p</i> = 0.70 (cGMP).</p

CSF concentrations of cAMP and cGMP are not altered in PD and PDD.

<p>CSF concentrations of cAMP (A) and cGMP (B) in cases with Parkinson's disease (PD, n = 11), PD dementia (PDD, n = 8) and control patients (CON, n = 9) measured by LC-MS/MS. Data are means ± SEM, <i>p</i> = 0.50 (cAMP), <i>p</i> = 0.57 (cGMP), Kruskal-Wallis test.</p

Characteristics of patients included in the study.

<p>Data are means ± SD, Data are missing for.</p>a<p>three,</p>b<p>six and.</p>c<p>one patients.</p><p>CON: control patients, m: male, f: female, S: spinal, B: bulbar, S+B: spinal and bulbar, PRNP: prion protein gene, M: methionine, V: valine.</p

CSF concentrations of cAMP and cGMP are not altered in ALS.

<p>CSF concentrations of cAMP (A) and cGMP (B) in cases with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, n = 14) and control patients (CON, n = 14) measured by LC-MS/MS. Data are means ± SEM, <i>p</i> = 0.80 (cAMP), <i>p</i> = 0.48 (cGMP), Mann-Whitney test.</p

Proteome analysis of CNTF knockout mice.

<p>2D-DIGE gel of spinal cord proteins from CNTF knock-out mice with EAE, labeled with Cy3 (shown in green) versus wild type mice with EAE labeled with Cy5 (shown in red). Selected proteins identified by Mass Spectrometry are indicated with roman indices (see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007624#pone-0007624-g005" target="_blank">Fig. 5</a>). Proteins were separated on 24 cm IPG Strip pH 3–10 non-linear.</p

Statistical evaluation of regulated proteins in CNTF −/− mice.

<p>2D DIGE analysis of the average spot volume increase ratio of proteins shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007624#pone-0007624-g004" target="_blank">Fig. 4</a>. Using the DeCyder's Biological Variation Analysis module, a paired Student's t-test yielded a p-value within the 99th percentile confidence level. Mean value crosses are connected; IS  =  Internal Standard.</p

Up-regulation of GFAP over the course of MOG-EAE.

<p>(A) Western-Blot analysis of spinal cord protein preparation at the early chronic (day 35 p.i.) and late chronic phase of the disease (day 60 p.i.). Each lane represents the GFAP expression of one single mouse, β-actin serves as a loading control. (B) Quantification of optical densities of the GFAP labeling as shown in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0007624#pone-0007624-g002" target="_blank">figure 2A</a>. There was a clear increase in GFAP expression over the course of MOG-EAE (p<0.05 on day 60 p.i.). (C) Immunohistochemistry for GFAP in naïve C57BL/6 mice without EAE (left) and on day 35 p.i. (middle) and 60 p.i. (right). Representative images from spinal cord cross sections are shown, arrows indicate GFAP positive astrocytes which appear elongated in naïve mice and swollen in the chronic phases of MOG-EAE. Bar represents 20 µm.</p