Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in the study associated with the infusion of insulin at 80 mU/m²/min.

<p>Values are means ± SE and median (1^st quartile—3^rd quartile); Time 0, prior to the initiation of any infusions; Basal Period, infusion of saline (Control, N = 3) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA, N = 4); Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamp, infusion of 80 mU/m²/min insulin together with variable rate of 20% dextrose to maintain the plasma glucose concentrations at those measured at the end of the Basal Period;</p><p>*<i>P</i> ≤0.05 when compared to Time 0 and Basal Period</p><p>^&<i>P</i> = 0.09 when compared to Time 0 and Basal Period</p><p>Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in the study associated with the infusion of insulin at 80 mU/m²/min.</p

Physical and clinical characteristics of the subjects.

<p>Values are means ± SE; BMI, body mass index, ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BCAA, branched-chain amino acids; HDL-C, High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; Body fat was determined using bioimpedance; There were no significant differences between groups (<i>P</i> >0.05).</p><p>Physical and clinical characteristics of the subjects.</p

Experimental design.

<p>Infusion protocol depicting the “basal” and “hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp” study periods described in the text. [6,6–²H₂]glucose, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA; i.e., BranchAmin), saline, insulin and glucose were infused as indicated; [BCAA], total branched-chain amino acids concentration.</p

Plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations in the study associated with the infusion of insulin at 40 mU/m²/min.

<p>Values are means ± SE and median (1^st quartile—3^rd quartile); Time 0, prior to the initiation of any infusions; Basal Period, infusion of saline (Control, N = 5) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA, N = 5); Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamp, infusion of 40 mU/m²/min insulin together with variable rate of 20% dextrose to maintain the plasma glucose concentrations at those measured at the end of the Basal Period.</p><p>*Statistically different compared to Time 0 (<i>P</i> ≤0.05)</p><p>^#Statistically different compared to Time 0 and Basal Period (<i>P</i> ≤0.05)</p><p>†Statistically different between Control and BCAA groups (<i>P</i> ≤0.05)</p><p>Plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations in the study associated with the infusion of insulin at 40 mU/m²/min.</p

Insulin-stimulated changes in plasma glucose turnover.

<p>Changes from the basal period in the rates of endogenous glucose production (EGP) and whole-body glucose disposal (GDR) as a result of the insulin infusion at either 40 mU/m²/min (A) or 80 mU/m²/min (B) in the control group (Control) and the group with the increased plasma branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) concentrations. Boxes describe interquartile range (IQR; 1^st quartile—3^rd quartile) with the horizontal line in the box representing the median value.</p

Plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations in the study associated with the infusion of insulin at 80 mU/m²/min.

<p>Values are means ± SE and median (1^st quartile—3^rd quartile); Time 0, prior to the initiation of any infusions; Basal Period, infusion of saline (Control, N = 3) or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA, N = 4); Hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic Clamp, infusion of 80 mU/m²/min insulin together with variable rate of 20% dextrose to maintain the plasma glucose concentrations at those measured at the end of the Basal Period.</p><p>*Statistically different compared to Time 0 (<i>P</i> ≤0.05)</p><p>†Statistically different between Control and BCAA groups (<i>P</i> ≤0.05).</p><p>Plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations in the study associated with the infusion of insulin at 80 mU/m²/min.</p

Plasma glucose turnover.

<p>Rates of endogenous glucose production (EGP) and whole-body glucose disposal (GDR) in the basal period (i.e., Basal) and following insulin infusion (i.e., Insulin). Insulin was infused at either 40 mU/m²/min in a control group (A) and a group with increased plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations (B) or 80 mU/m²/min in a control group (C) and a group with increased plasma branched-chain amino acid concentrations (D). Boxes describe interquartile range (IQR; 1^st quartile—3^rd quartile) with the horizontal line in the box representing the median value. <i>P</i> values are for the comparison of the corresponding medians.</p