Data from Habitat and social context affect memory phenotype, exploration and covariance among these traits

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Data from Habitat and social context affect memory phenotype, exploration and covariance among these traits

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Supplementary methods and results from Habitat and social context affect memory phenotype, exploration and covariance among these traits

Supplementary methods and result

Duration of memory retention following operant conditioning.

<p>Number of average (± SEM) pneumostome openings in 30 min during training (TR: average response across four training groups is displayed) and the test for LTM (test @ 24 h, 3 d, 5 d or 8 d) in the CM (Chilton Moor) and TC1 (Trans Canada 1) populations following training in control conditions. ** = significantly different from TR (P<0.01).</p

Response to operant conditioning and yoked controls at 24 h.

<p>Number of average (± SEM) pneumostome openings in 30 min during training (TR) and the test for LTM 24 h later (test @ 24 h) in the CM (Chilton Moor) and TC1 (Trans Canada 1) populations following contingent (white bars) or yoked (grey bars) training. ** = significantly different from TR (P<0.01).</p

Effect of low calcium on the duration of memory retention.

<p>Number of average (± SEM) pneumostome openings in 30 min during training (TR: average response across two training groups is displayed) and the test for LTM (test @ 24 h or 3 d) in the CM (Chilton Moor) and TC1 (Trans Canada 1) populations following exposure to low environmental calcium (pale grey: 20 mg/l) for 1 week before and during training/testing. ** = significantly different from TR (P<0.01).</p

Additional file 2: of Confirmation of Galba truncatula as an intermediate host snail for Calicophoron daubneyi in Great Britain, with evidence of alternative snail species hosting Fasciola hepatica

Calicophoron daubneyi and Fasciola hepatica sequences amplified from infected snails and aligned with GenBank sequences. Figure S1. Sequences for Calicophoron daubneyi from infected Galba truncatula in farm 1 (GT CD 1), farm 2 (GT CD 4), farm 5 (GT CD 2, GT CD 3), farm 6 (GT CD 5) aligned with C. daubneyi cox1 gene sequence (GenBank JQ815200.1). Figure S2. Sequences for Fasciola hepatica from Galba truncatula co-infected with Calicophoron daubneyi (GT 2 FH), Potamopyrgus antipodarum (PA 1 FH) and Radix balthica (RB 1 FH; RB2 FH) aligned with F. hepatica cox1 gene sequence (GenBank AF216697.1). (DOCX 17 kb

RPeD1 burst activity in naïve versus trained <i>Lymnaea</i>.

<p>Mean (±SEM) burst activity in RPeD1 in naïve <i>Lymnaea</i>, 3 h following training (i.e. representing intermediate-term memory test) and 24 h following training (i.e. representing long-term memory test) following exposure to: A) control conditions (white bars: naïve: N = 11; ITM: N = 9; LTM: N = 9); B) low calcium availability (pale grey bars: naïve: N = 10; ITM: N = 7; LTM: N = 6); C) crowding (dark grey bars: naïve: N = 9; ITM: N = 10; LTM: N = 10) or D) a combination of low calcium availability and crowded conditions (black bars: naïve: N = 9; ITM: N = 13; LTM: N = 10). *  =  significant difference between naïve and trained bursting behaviour (P<0.05: SNK test).</p

Burst activity in RPeD1 and breathing behaviour 3 h post-stress exposure.

<p>RPeD1 burst activity in naïve <i>Lymnaea</i>. A) Mean (±SEM) burst activity in untrained <i>Lymnaea</i> following exposure to control conditions (white bars: N = 11), low calcium availability (pale grey bars: N = 10), crowding (dark grey bars: N = 9) or a combination of low calcium availability and crowded conditions (black bars: N = 9). Representative traces show burst activity in RPeD1 over 10 min in naïve <i>Lymnaea</i> exposed to B) control conditions, which did not differ significantly from those exposed to low calcium only; and C) combined stressors, which did not differ significantly from those exposed to crowding only. Breathing activity in untrained <i>Lymnaea</i> 1 week prior to exposure (pre-obs) and 3 h following exposure (post-obs) to D) control conditions (N = 12) or E) combined stressors (N = 12). Control animals did not alter their breathing rate, whereas combined stressors significantly depressed aerial breathing behaviour.</p

Behavioural assessment of intermediate-term and long-term memory.

<p>Mean (± SEM) number of pneumostome opening attempts during training (TR1 and TR2) and the test for intermediate-term memory 3 h following training (A to D: test @ 3 h) or long-term memory 24 h following training (E to H: test @ 24 h). <i>Lymnaea</i> were exposed to:control conditions (white bars: A: N = 18; E: N = 13); low calcium availability (pale grey bars: B: N = 18; F: N = 12); crowding (dark grey bars: C: N = 18; G: N = 12) or a combination of low calcium availability and crowded conditions (black bars: D: N = 18; H: N = 12). **  =  significant difference between the first training session (TR1) and second training session (TR2) or the memory test (P<0.01, paired t-test).</p