United States of America showing the casual and established population range of <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>.

<p>Black areas indicate established populations, grey areas indicate ephemeral or casual populations that die out each winter. The mapping unit is the USGS 8-digit Hydrologic Unit Catchment. Source Pam Fuller, USGS, pers. comm. The outlying established population in Colorado is in a geothermal spring with a consistent temperature of approximately 31°C (Amy Benson, USGS, pers. comm., 2009)</p

World map showing climate suitability for <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> under current climate modelled using CLIMEX.

<p>It is assumed that <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> will always be restricted to waterways within this suitable temperature envelope.</p

CLIMEX parameter values used for <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>.

<p>Parameter mnemonics taken from [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0120054#pone.0120054.ref031" target="_blank">31</a>].</p

Modelled potential distribution of <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> under current climate conditions in European and Mediterranean countries.

<p>It is assumed that <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> will always be restricted to waterways within this climatically suitable envelope.</p

Modelled global potential distribution of <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> using climate scenarios for 2080 under the A2 and A1B SRES emissions scenarios.

<p>The global climate models are indicated next to the maps.</p

The global distribution of <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i>, including established and casual populations.

<p>Where information has been provided by country, these administrative areas have been shaded. Where more precise distribution data is available this is indicated as dots, with established population indicated as circles, and ephemeral populations as triangles. Source: various (see Acknowledgements)</p

Outputs of model ES obtained with 20 presence data located within the 1955 presence area (A) and with 50 presence data located within the 1980 presence area (B).

<p>The model was fitted using 19 input variables in both cases.</p

Significance of effect of training area, size of training dataset, and set of bioclimatic variables on likelihood ratio values (sensitivity = 0.95).

<p>Area 1980 vs. 1955, 6 variables vs. 19 variables, first three principal components (PCA) vs. 19 variables, PCA vs. 6 variables, training dataset size  =  20 vs. 10, big training dataset (more than 50 presence points) vs. small (less than 50).</p><p>***p<0.001 |</p><p>**p<0.01 |</p><p>*p<0.05 |. p<0.1 | NS not significant.</p

Western corn rootworm distribution in North America.

<p>The hatched area represents non-irrigated maize area.</p

Geographical area of the training datasets.

<p>The hatched area represents the WCR distribution before 1955 while the grey area represents the WCR distribution before 1980.</p