Distribution of Onchocerciasis Showing Current Status of Global Onchocerciasis Control.

<p>Red shading represents areas receiving ivermectin treatment. Yellow shading represents areas requiring further epidemiological surveys. Green shading indicates the area covered by the OCP in West Africa. Pink zones indicate the special intervention zones, i.e., previous OCP areas receiving ivermectin and some vector control. Figure from <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000076#pntd.0000076-Basez1" target="_blank">[10]</a>.</p

Summary of ‘omics data available for filarial parasites.

<p>Genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and secretomic datasets of human and animal filarial parasites presently accessible for analyses.</p

cDNA clones isolated from the L3 cDNA library.

a<p>, % abundance of clone in the <i>O. volvulus</i> EST dataset as reported previously <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000800#pntd.0000800-LizotteWaniewski1" target="_blank">[12]</a>.</p

Effect of mono-specific human anti-<i>Ov</i>-CPI-2 antibodies on L3 molting and viability in the presence of normal human neutrophils.

a<p><i>O. volvulus</i> L3 were cultured in complete medium alone or in complete medium containing negative control antibodies purified from the same serum donor using a λgt11 lysate column or mono-specific antibodies to r<i>Ov</i>-CPI-2 in the presence of 2×10⁵ normal human neutrophils per well for 6 days. Larval molting and viability were determined as described under the “<a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000800#s2" target="_blank">Materials & Methods</a>” section. Three experiments were performed, where each consisted of a total of 10 wells per treatment group with 5 larvae per well. The results are the mean ± SEM and the range of the three experiments.</p><p>*Significance between groups was determined by unpaired t test with Welch's correction with <i>p</i> = 0.007 between medium control and the anti-<i>Ov</i>-CPI-2 group and <i>p</i> = 0.028 between the negative antibodies and the anti-<i>Ov</i>-CPI-2 group.</p><p>**There is no significant difference between the three groups.</p

cDNA clones isolated from the mL3 cDNA library.

a<p>, % abundance of clone in the <i>O. volvulus</i> EST dataset as reported previously <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000800#pntd.0000800-LizotteWaniewski1" target="_blank">[12]</a>.</p

Human IgG sub-classes and IgE class antibody responses to recombinant <i>Ov</i>-CPI-2 in the PI and the INF.

<p>The median IgG1, IgG3, IgG4 and IgE responses to r<i>Ov</i>-CPI-2 in the PI (N = 21) and INF subjects (N = 21) are indicated with short, solid horizontal lines. The median IgG1 and IgG4 responses are significantly higher in the INF (<i>P</i> = 0.03 and 0.04 respectively) than in the PI.</p

The correlation of IgG sub-classes and IgE class responses to r<i>Ov</i>-CPI-2 in infected patients with age: Maintenance of high IgG1 (a) and IgE (c) responses regardless of age; (b) Positive correlation between IgG3 levels and age (r = 0.241; <i>P</i> = 0.0013).

<p>The correlation of IgG sub-classes and IgE class responses to r<i>Ov</i>-CPI-2 in infected patients with age: Maintenance of high IgG1 (a) and IgE (c) responses regardless of age; (b) Positive correlation between IgG3 levels and age (r = 0.241; <i>P</i> = 0.0013).</p

Human parasitic helminths (and their close relatives) with genome sequencing projects completed or underway.

a<p>WUGC, Washington University's Genome Center.</p>b<p>Phylogeny based on Blaxter et al. <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000538#pntd.0000538-Blaxter1" target="_blank">[47]</a>.</p><p>BI, Broad Institute; CNHGC, Chinese National HGC; SI, Sanger Institute; SNUCM, Seoul National University College of Medicine; TIGR, The Institute for Genomic Research (now JCVI).</p

Montage of some of the major human helminth parasites, their developmental stages, and disease pathology.

<p>(A) Microfilaria of <i>Brugia malayi</i> in a thick blood smear, stained with Giemsa (<a href="http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/frames/a-f/filariasis/body_Filariasis_mic1.htm" target="_blank">http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/html/frames/a-f/filariasis/body_Filariasis_mic1.htm</a>); the microfilaria is about 250 µm in length. (B) Patient with lymphedema of the left leg due to lymphatic filariasis (<a href="http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/index.htm" target="_blank">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/index.htm</a>). (C) Hookworm egg passed in the stool of an infected person; the microscopic egg, barrel-shaped with a thin wall, is about 70×40 µm in dimension. (D) longitudinal section through an adult hookworm attached to wall of small intestine, ingesting host blood and mucosal wall. The parasite is about 1 cm in length. (E) Eggs of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>. The egg is about 150×50 µm in dimension; the lateral spine is diagnostic for <i>S. mansoni</i> in comparison to the other human schistosome species. Fibrotic responses to schistosome eggs trapped in the intestines, liver, and other organs of the infected person are the cause of the schistosomiasis pathology and morbidity. (F) A pair of adult worms of the blood fluke <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i>; the more slender female worm resides in the gynecophoral canal of the thicker male. The worms are about 1.5 cm in length, and live for many years (<a href="http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/ImageLibrary/Schistosomiasis_il.htm" target="_blank">http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/dpdx/HTML/ImageLibrary/Schistosomiasis_il.htm</a> ).</p

PfRH5 binds to a ∼32 kDa protein on human erythrocytes.

<p>Normal erythrocyte ghost cells were separated by SDS–PAGE, and the gel was blotted and incubated with GST (the fusion partner of rRH5) or rRH5 or native parasite culture supernatant. After extensive washing, bound protein was detected by rabbit anti-RH5-GST and blots were processed by enhanced chemiluminescence (ECL, Amersham Biosciences). A specific target protein of ∼32 kDA is seen in rRH5 lane (marked with arrow) and Dd2 lanes (marked with arrow). Asterisk denotes a non-specific protein band that appears in control GST and other lanes. Parallel blots were probed with anti-GPA/B or anti GPC/D antibodies to define positions of the glycophorins relative to the 32 kDA band. Pre-immune rabbit sera did not yield any reactivity (PI).</p