Pulmonary Manifestations of SARS Co V 2 Infection in Mild/Severe Patients

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused viral pneumonia in Wuhan City in China in December of 2019. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets the lungs with severe hypoxia, which usually results in death. COVID-19 is highly heterogeneous regarding severity, clinical phenotype, and more importantly, global dispersal. The respiratory system in all aspects such as respiratory airways, endothelium of pulmonary vessels, conducting airways, the alveoli, neuromuscular breathing structure, and pulmonary circulation are affected by this virus. A comprehensive concept of the source and dynamic action of the SARS-CoV-2 and the possible causes of heterogeneity in COVID-19 is required for predicting and managing the illness in acute and chronic stages of the pulmonary sign

Emerging Challenges in Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections: Insights from Coagulase Typing, Toxin Genes, and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Background. The incidence of complications and mortality associated with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bloodstream infections has been increasing significantly, particularly in developing countries where control strategies against this virulent pathogen and its resistance to antibacterial agents are insufficient. The aim of this study was to investigate coagulase typing, the prevalence of toxin genes, and the antibiotic resistance profile of S. aureus isolated from bloodstream infections. Methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined by the disk diffusion method. The prevalence of toxin genes was determined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Genetic variability of isolates was determined using multiplex PCR based on coagulase gene polymorphism. Results. Out of 120 strains, 55 (46%) were methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 65 (54%) were methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). All isolates were susceptible to linezolid and teicoplanin but showed varying levels of resistance to other antibiotics. The highest resistance was observed for ampicillin (92.5%), gentamicin (69.2%), and amikacin (68.3%). Multidrug resistance was observed in all isolates. PCR analysis revealed a higher prevalence of toxin genes in MRSA (tst: 38%, pvl: 29.1%, eta: 10%, and etb: 4.1%) than that in MSSA. According to the coa typing, the most prevalent types were coa III (29.2%), coa II (26.7%), and coa VI (10%). Conclusion. The presence of genetic variability and widespread multidrug resistance in our hospitals emphasizes the circulation of various coa types. Therefore, it is crucial to implement antimicrobial stewardship and infection control measures to prevent and control the spread of these strains