Produksi Bioetanol Dari Tepung Agar Gracilaria Verrucosa (Hudson) Papenfuss Yang Dihidrolisis Dengan Menggunakan Larutan Asam Sulfat

Fossil fuels are non-renewable fuels and overexploited. It has an impact on depletion oil reserves so needed renewable energy such as bio-ethanol. Bioethanol is alternative fuel made from biomass containing component sugars, starches, and cellulose. Agar is polysaccharide in cell wall seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa. Polysaccharides can be hydrolyzed with chemically or enzymatically into monosaccharides and then be fermented into bioethanol. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of powder agar for bioethanol feedstock; optimum sulfuric acid to hydrolyze powder agar, and knowing optimum fermentation time on ethanol production. The study was conducted from February to June 2012 in Microbiology Laboratory, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong. Powder agar is obtained from manufacturers in Malang. Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a collection of LIPI-MC. Reducing sugar content was analyzed by the method of Miller (1959), while concentration ethanol were analyzed by Gas Chromatography (GC). Method used in this study is an experimental laboratory for the hydrolysis and repeatable measurements for fermentation processes. Hydrolysis process using concentration H2SO4 of 0M, 0.1 M, 0.3 M, and 0.5 M. Fermentation using yeast S. cerevisiae with the incubation time 120 hours. Results showed powder agar can be used as raw material for bioethanol. Optimum reduction sugar 35.38 mg/ml ± 0.59 obtained in H2SO4 0.3 M. Ethanol Optimum 0.77%, obtained at 120 hours incubation

Characterization of vector communities and biting behavior in South Sulawesi with host decoy traps and human landing catches

Background: Indonesia has high mosquito diversity, with circulating malaria and arboviruses. Human landing catches (HLC) are ethically questionable where arboviral transmission occurs. The host decoy trap (HDT) is an exposure-free alternative outdoor sampling device. To determine HDT efficacy for local culicids, and to characterize local mosquito fauna, the trapping efficacy of the HDT was compared to that of HLCs in one peri-urban (Lakkang) and one rural (Pucak) village in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Results: In Lakkang the outdoor HLCs collected significantly more Anopheles per night (n = 22 ± 9) than the HDT (n = 3 ± 1), while the HDT collected a significantly greater nightly average of Culex mosquitoes (n = 110 ± 42), than the outdoor HLC (n = 15.1 ± 6.0). In Pucak, there was no significant difference in Anopheles collected between trap types; however, the HDT collected significantly more Culex mosquitoes than the outdoor HLC nightly average (n = 53 ± 11 vs 14 ± 3). Significantly higher proportions of blood-fed mosquitoes were found in outdoor HLC (n = 15 ± 2%) compared to HDT (n = 2 ± 0%). More blood-fed culicines were collected with outdoor HLC compared to the HDT, while Anopheles blood-fed proportions did not differ. For the HDT, 52.6%, 36.8% and 10.5% of identified blood meals were on cow, human, and dog, respectively. Identified blood meals for outdoor HLCs were 91.9% human, 6.3% cow, and 0.9% each dog and cat. Mosquitoes from Pucak were tested for arboviruses, with one Culex pool and one Armigeres pool positive for flavivirus, and one Anopheles pool positive for alphavirus. Conclusions: The HDT collected the highest abundance of culicine specimens. Outdoor HLCs collected the highest abundance of Anopheles specimens. Although the HDT can attract a range of different Asian mosquito genera and species, it remains to be optimized for Anopheles in Asia. The high proportion of human blood meals in mosquitoes collected by outdoor HLCs raises concerns on the potential exposure risk to collectors using this methodology and highlights the importance of continuing to optimize a host-mimic trap such as the HDT