SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF STARCH XANTHATE AS A SUPERDISINTEGRANT IN THE FORMULATION OF FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS

Objective: To synthesize, characterize and evaluate starch xanthate as a superdisintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets by employing 23 factorial design.Methods: Starch xanthate was synthesized by gelatinization process. The physical and micromeritic properties were performed to evaluate the synthesized starch xanthate. The fast dissolving tablet of ibuprofen was prepared by employing starch xanthate as a superdisintegrant in different proportions in each case by direct compression method using 23 factorial design. The drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), dissolution efficiency in 5 min (DE5%) and first order rate constant (K1) were used in the evaluation of prepared fast dissolving tablets.Results: The starch xanthate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing slightly crystalline powder. Starch xanthate exhibited good swelling in water. The study between ibuprofen and starch xanthate was shown the absence of interaction by fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The drug content (100±5%), hardness (3.6–4 kg/sq. cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%) has been effective with regard to all the formulated fast dissolving tablets employing starch xanthate. The disintegration time of all the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 12±0.01 to 312±0.02s. The optimized formulation F5 has the least disintegration time i.e., 12±0.01s. The In vitro wetting time of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 76±0.21 to 217±0.17s. The In vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 90s) in optimized formulation F5. The water absorption ratio of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 16±0.16 to 174±0.21%. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation F5 was found to be 99.83±0.56% in 5 min.Conclusion: The dissolution efficiency of ibuprofen was enhanced when starch xanthate was found to be a superdisintegrant when combined with sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium and, hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide immediate release of the contained drug within 5 min

A rare and fatal complication of ear syringing: Rupture of pseudoaneurysm at petrous internal carotid artery

Ear syringing is a common procedure done for cleaning wax from the ear canal. Rupture of the pseudoaneurysm at the petrous part of the internal carotid artery (ICA) due to ear syringing is an extremely rare incidence in clinical practice. Sudden and profuse bleeding from the ear is the clinical presentation in case of ruptured pseudoaneurysm of ICA at the petrous part. Presence of the cholesteatoma at the middle ear cleft may be an etiology causing rupture of the pseudoaneurysm at the petrous part of the ICA, but the forceful ear syringing is an uncommon cause for the rupture of pseudoaneurysm. Radiological imaging is an important tool for the diagnosis. Endovascular technique is often used for the treatment of pseudoaneurysm of the ICA. Here, we are reporting an uncommon complication of forceful ear syringing making rupture of the pseudoaneurysm of petrous ICA leading to fatal spontaneous and profuse bleeding from the ear

Methods, potentials, and limitations of gene delivery to regenerate central nervous system cells

This review evaluates methods, success and limitations of transgenes delivery in central nervous system (CNS). Both viral and nonviral (such as liposome mediated) methods, expression and stability of transgenes have been discussed. The controlled expression and delivery techniques of transgene at the injured or diseased sites have also been discussed. Mifepristone (RU486) and tetracycline-based switch system for controlled expression could be a very useful tool for clinical purposes. Here we emphasized the importance and consequences of viral- and nonviral-mediated transgenes transfer and therapeutic ability along with advantages of controlled expressions

OPTIMISATION OF IBUPROFEN FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS EMPLOYING STARCH XANTHATE USING 23 FACTORIAL DESIGN

Objective: To evaluate starch xanthate as a super disintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble drugs employing 23 factorial design.Methods: Starch xanthate was synthesized by gelatinization process. The synthesized starch xanthate was subjected to physical and micromeritic evaluation. To establish as starch xanthate as a super disintegrant, fast dissolving tablet of ibuprofen was prepared employing starch xanthate in different proportions in each case by direct compression method employing 23 factorial design. All fast dissolving tablets prepared were evaluated for drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), Dissolution efficiency in 5 Min (DE5%) and first order rate constant(K1).Results: The starch xanthate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing slightly crystalline powder. Starch xanthate exhibited good swelling in water. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study indicated the absence of interaction between Ibuprofen and starch xanthate. All the fast dissolving tablets formulated employing starch xanthate were of good quality with regard to drug content(100±5%), hardness (3.6–4 kg/sq. cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%). The disintegration time of all the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 13±0. 02 to 108±0.02s. The optimised formulation FL7 has the least disintegration time i.e., 13±0. 02s. The In vitro wetting time of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 90±0.15 to 369±0.17s. The In–Vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 90s) in optimized formulation FL7. The water absorption ratio of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 94±0.16 to 192±0.15%. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation FL7 was found to be 99.63±0.24% in 5 min.Conclusion: Starch xanthate was found to be a super disintegrant which enhanced the dissolution efficiency when combined with sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium, with the ibuprofen and hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide immediate release of the contained drug within 5 min

Pathya and Apathya in Bhagandara: Holistic Approaches to Fistula-in-Ano

Bhagandara, commonly known as fistula in ano, is a prevalent anorectal condition extensively described in classical Ayurvedic texts. Classified under Ashtamahagada by Acharya Sushruta, it initially appears as a pidika near the anus and transforms into Bhagandara upon rupture. The clinical features of this condition align closely with modern interpretations of fistula in ano, and its recurrent nature presents significant treatment challenges. While contemporary surgical methods offer various options, the management of this ailment remains complex for proctologists. Among Ayurvedic treatments, Ksharasutra has emerged as a particularly effective parasurgical intervention. In addition to surgical approaches, adherence to Pathya (beneficial) and Apathya (harmful) dietary rules plays a crucial role in the management and prevention of recurrence, enhancing overall treatment outcomes. This article explores the holistic understanding of Bhagandara, its clinical manifestations and the importance of diet in achieving optimal health

Oral dissolving films: an effective tool for fast therapeutic action

The oral route is most familiar route as it has low cost of therapy and helps in the ease of administration of therapeutic agents which lead to high levels of patient compliance. The most known oral solid dosage forms are tablets and capsules. Many patients’ particularly pediatric and geriatric patients find it difficult to swallow tablets and hard gelatin capsules and do not take their medicines as prescribed. Difficulty in swallowing or dysphagia is identified to afflict nearly 35% of the general population. To reduce these difficulties, the growth of several fast dissolving drug delivery systems has been produced. Oral dissolving film is relatively a new dosage form in which thin film is prepared using hydrophilic polymers, which rapidly dissolves on tongue or buccal cavity. The film overcomes the danger/fear of choking. An ideal film should have the characteristics like pleasant taste, high stability, ease of handling and administration, no water necessary for administration. The present review focuses on hydrophilic polymers, plasticizers, sweeteners, flavors and colors etc which are used in the formulation of oral dissolving films including the manufacturing  aspects of oral dissolving film like solvent casting method, rolling method, extrusion method and solid dispersion method and evaluation parameters like disintegration, dissolution, tensile strength, thickness, folding endurance, elastic modulus for oral dissolving films

Design, optimization and evaluation of ibuprofen fast dissolving tablets employing starch tartrate: A new superdisintegrant

The current scenario deals with the study of fast dissolving tablets for the patients suffering from swallowing, sickness ,etc.  The present investigation involves in the evaluation of starch tartrate as a superdintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble drugs employing 23factorial design. Starch tartrate was synthesized by esterification process. The synthesized starch tartrate was subjected to physical and micromeritic evaluation. All fast dissolving tablets were evaluated for drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), dissolution efficiency in 5 min (DE5%) and first order rate constant(K1). The starch tartrate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing slightly crystalline powder. Starch tartrate exhibited good swelling in water.Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study indicated the absence of interaction between ibuprofen and starch tartrate. All the fast dissolving tablets formulated employing starch tartrate were of good quality with regard to drug content (200±5%), hardness (3.6–3.9 kg/sq. cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%). The optimised formulation F2 has the least disintegration time i.e., 9±0. 03s. The in–vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 60s) in optimized formulation F2. The water absorption ratio of the formulated tablets was found to be in the range of 27.53±0.12 to 69.75±0.18%. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation F2 was found to be 100.17±0.56% in 5 min. Starch tartrate was found to be a superdisintegrant which enhanced the dissolution efficiency with the ibuprofen and hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to bring immediate release of the contained drug within 5 minutes. Keywords: Fast dissolving, Superdisintegrant, Starch tartrate, Dissolution efficiency

Design, optimization and evaluation of aceclofenac fast dissolving tablets employing starch glutarate: A new superdisintegrant

In solid dosage forms, fast dissolving tablets has proven the best way for ease of administration for the pediatrics and geriatric patients. The current study involves in the evaluation of starch glutarate as a superdintegrant in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets of poorly soluble drugs employing 23factorial design. Starch glutarate was synthesized by esterification process. The synthesized starch glutarate was subjected to physical and micromeritic evaluation. To establish as starch glutarate as a superdisintegrant, fast dissolving tablet of aceclofenac was prepared employing starch glutarate in different proportions in each case by direct compression method employing 23 factorial design. All fast dissolving tablets prepared were evaluated for drug content, hardness, friability, disintegration time and other dissolution characteristics like percent dissolved in 5 min (PD5), Dissolution efficiency in 5 min (DE5%) and first order rate constant (K1). The starch glutarate prepared was found to be fine, free flowing amorphous powder. Starch glutarate exhibited good swelling in water. Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study indicated the absence of interaction between aceclofenac and starch glutarate. All the fast dissolving tablets formulated employing starch glutarate were of good quality with regard to drug content (100±5%), hardness (3.6–4 kg/sq. cm), and friability (0.12-0.15%). The optimized formulation F8 has the least disintegration time i.e., 30±0.02s. The in vitro wetting time was less (i.e., 90s) in optimized formulation F8. The cumulative drug dissolved in the optimized formulation F8 was found to be 99.15±0.56% in 15 min. Starch glutarate was found to be a superdisintegrant which enhanced the dissolution efficiency when combined with crospovidone, croscarmellose sodium, with the aceclofenac and hence it could be used in the formulation of fast dissolving tablets to provide immediate release of the contained drug within 15 minutes. Keywords: Fast dissolving, Superdisintegrant, Starch glutarate, Dissolution efficiency

Ayurvedic treatment of Psoriasis (Ekakustha) through Shaman therapy : Case Study

This case study highlights the successful management of psoriasis (Ekakustha) through Ayurvedic Shaman Chikitsa in a 30-year-old male patient with dry, scaly lesions on the scalp and extensors. The patient, unresponsive to allopathic treatment, exhibited dietary indiscretions and irregular bowel habits. Ayurvedic treatment involved Shamana Chikitsa, incorporating Panchanimba Churna, Kaishor Guggulu, Khadirarista and Psoria oil, alongside dietary modifications. Over four months, the patient experienced progressive improvement in itching, erythema and scaling, leading to a significant reduction in the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score from 22.1 to 0.6 which is near remission. This case underscores the efficacy of Ayurvedic Shaman therapy and the importance of personalized treatment strategies guided by classical Ayurvedic principles in managing psoriasis