Identificación y filogenia de la familia de proteínas tipo receptoras en tomate

The receptor-like proteins (RLPs) play multiple roles in development and defense. In the current work 75 RLPs were identified in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) using iterative BLAST searches and domain prediction. A phylogenetic tree including all the identified RLPs from tomato and some functionally characterized RLPs from other species was built to identify their putative homologues in tomato. We first tested whether C3-F-based phylogeny was a good indicator of functional relation between related proteins of different species. Indeed, the functionally characterized CLAVATA2 (CLV2), the maize ortholog FASCIATED EAR2 (FEA2) and a putative tomato CLV2 described in Uniprot clustered together, which validates the approach. Using this approach Solyc12g042760.1.1 was identified as the putative tomato homologue of TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM). It was shown that proteins in the same cluster of the phylogenetic tree share functional relations since several clusters of functionally related proteins i.e. the Ve cluster, the Cf cluster, and the Eix clade were formed. Keywords: phylogeny, receptors, RLP, tomatoLas proteínas tipo receptoras juegan múltiples papeles en procesos de desarrollo y defensa. En este trabajo se identificaron 75 RLPs en tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.) mediante el empleo de búsquedas BLAST iterativas y predicción de dominios. Se construyó un árbol filogenético que incluyó todas las RLPs identificadas en tomate y otras proteínas de este tipo caracterizadas funcionalmente en otras especies. Primero se comprobó si la filogenia basada en la región C3-F constituía un buen indicador de la relación funcional entre proteínas relacionadas de diferentes especies. Se comprobó que, de hecho, las proteínas CLAVATA2 y su ortólogo en maíz FEA2 (FASCIATED EAR2) y la probable CLAVATA2 de tomate descrita en Uniprot se agruparon en una misma rama, lo que valida el enfoque. Con este procedimiento se identificó Solyc12g042760.1.1 como el probable homólogo en tomate del gen TMM. Se demostró que las proteínas en el mismo cluster en el árbol comparten relaciones funcionales, pues se formaron varios cluster de proteínas relacionadas funcionalmente como por ejemplo el cluster Ve, el cluster Cf, y la clada Eix. Palabras clave: filogenia, receptores, RLP, tomat

Análisis e inventario arquitectónico para seis iglesias, propuestas como patrimonio cultural en el Departamento de Morazán

RESUMEN: Es un valor cultural arquitectónico, es un punto clave dentro del proceso evolutivo de cualquier nación. Para que el pueblo se desarrolle no es necesario eliminar sus antecedentes históricos, si no mas bien explotar la identidad que nos brindan, no cayendo en el típico error de considerar los edificios antiguos y sus sistemas estructurales como obsoletos. El Salvador cuenta con una gran riqueza en cuanto monumentos históricos se refiere, mas sin embargo son pocos a los que se les ha brindado el valor respectivo. Es esta falta de difusión la que ha provocado que muchos edificios hayan caído en la degradación progresiva de sus elementos estructurales y ornamentales. Los templos de, San Francisco Gotera, Jocoro, Divisadero, Jocoaitique, Perquin y San Fernando todas en el departamento de Morazán podrían ser un caso entre muchos de los anteriormente citados. Dichos edificios, poseen una belleza particular, que ha dominado en el centro histórico del entorno urbano en el que se asientan desde su construcción y que han pasado casi desapercibidos dentro del Inventario de Bienes Culturales Inmuebles (IBCI) establecido por CONCULTURA. Pues considerando este punto se pretende analizar su contenido arquitectónico para difundir su valor cultural e histórico. El objetivo general es realizar un estudio arquitectónico de seis templos religiosos en el departamento de Morazán. Que incluya los análisis básicos de forma función y tecnología, incluyendo un inventario general de los atributos, detalles y elementos sobresalientes individuales. De la misma forma elaborar una propuesta que incluya los aspectos de mantenimiento, reparación, conservación y promoción turística. Para la metodología teniendo en cuenta que entre cada edificación que se pretende estudiar existe una distancia considerable, se han organizado en dos zonas de recorrido, la zona 1 corresponde al sector sur del departamento (San Francisco Gotera, Jocoro y El Divisadero) la zona 2 corresponde al sector norte del departamento (Jocoaitique, Perquin y San Fernando). Este proyecto ha mantenido su enfoque principal en el estudio arquitectónico como apoyo a las instituciones locales y administración interna de cada edificación, que buscan hacerles perdurar como elementos identificadores del departamento. Es bajo esa línea que concluimos:1. La iglesia parroquial de la ciudad de San Francisco Gotera, es el edificio mas imponente y detallado contenido en este proyecto y que como tal es necesario el mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo de su estructura que presenta daños menores y riesgos potenciales que pueden constituirse en problemas graves a futuro. 2. Que la iglesia de San Fernando es la que se encuentra en condiciones más deplorables y que urge de la debida atención. ABSTRACT: It is an architectural cultural value, it is a key point in the evolutionary process of any nation. For the town to develop, it is not necessary to eliminate its historical background, but rather to exploit the identity it provides us, not falling into the typical mistake of considering old buildings and their structural systems as obsolete. El Salvador has a great wealth in terms of historical monuments, but nevertheless there are few that have been given the respective value. It is this lack of diffusion that has caused many buildings to fall into the progressive degradation of their structural and ornamental elements. The temples of San Francisco Gotera, Jocoro, Divisadero, Jocoaitique, Perquin and San Fernando, all in the department of Morazán, could be one case among many of those previously mentioned. These buildings have a particular beauty that has dominated the historic center of the urban environment in which they are located since their construction and that have gone almost unnoticed within the Inventory of Immovable Cultural Assets (IBCI) established by CONCULTURA. Well, considering this point, it is intended to analyze its architectural content to spread its cultural and historical value. The general objective is to carry out an architectural study of six religious temples in the department of Morazán. That includes the basic analyzes of form, function and technology, including a general inventory of the attributes, details and individual salient elements. In the same way, prepare a proposal that includes the aspects of maintenance, repair, conservation and tourism promotion. For the methodology, taking into account that between each building to be studied there is a considerable distance, they have been organized into two travel zones, zone 1 corresponds to the southern sector of the department (San Francisco Gotera, Jocoro and El Divisadero) zone 2 corresponds to the northern sector of the department (Jocoaitique, Perquin and San Fernando). This project has maintained its main focus on the architectural study as support for local institutions and the internal administration of each building, seeking to make them last as identifying elements of the department. It is under this line that we conclude: 1. The parish church of the city of San Francisco Gotera, is the most imposing and detailed building contained in this project and as such, preventive and corrective maintenance of its structure is necessary, which presents minor damage and potential risks that can become serious problems to future. 2. That the church of San Fernando is the one that is in the most deplorable conditions and that it urgently needs due attentio

Influencia de metabolitos fitotóxicos de Altenaria porri (Ellis) Ciferri sobre plantas y callos de Allium sativum L. con vista al fitomejoramiento

In order to obtain phytotoxic metabolites from Alternaria porri and to know their influences on garlic plants and calli in plant breeding for resistanse to alternariosis, a research was carried out. Filtrates were obtained in Fries medium 30 days after fungus incubation which was statically cultivated at 28±1 0C and constant darkness. Biological assays using several filtrate concentrations were developed in garlic plants of different ages (clone ‘Criollo’) through punture method and also in garlic calli (clone ‘Chileno’). The highest phytotoxic effect was observed in 110 days old plants when they were inoculated with filtrates concentrated at 70% initial volume. Calli showed weight losses and changed their coloration when filtrate was concentrated above 40%.Key Words: Allium sativum, In vitro selection, Plant breedingCon el objetivo de obtener metabolitos fitotóxicos de Alternaria porri (Ellis) Ciferri y conocer su influencia sobre plantas y callos de ajo con vistas al mejoramiento genético de la resistencia a la alternariosis, se llevó a cabo el presente trabajo. Para la obtención de los filtrados de cultivos se utilizó el medio de cultivo Fries a los 30 días de inoculado el hongo, el cual se cultivó estáticamente a 28±1 0C y oscuridad constante. Los ensayos biológicos, utilizando varias concentraciones del filtrado de cultivo, se realizaron sobre plantas de diferentes edades del clon de ajo ‘Criollo’ mediante el método de punción y sobre callos del clon ‘Chileno’. El mayor efecto fitotóxico se observó en plantas de 110 días de edad cuando fueron inoculadas con el filtrado concentrado al 70% de su volumen inicial. Los callos tuvieron pérdida de peso y cambio en la coloración cuando el filtrado se concentró por encima del 40%.Palabras clave: Allium sativum, mejoramiento genético, selección in vitr

Compuestos hidrofílicos en los filtrados de cultivos de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense GCV [01210] inducen protección a hojas de plantas de banano frente al principal componente fitotóxico del patógeno

Panama disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is among the most important diseases in Musa spp. Foc is a necrotrophic fungus, their phytotoxins play a role in disease development. Previously culture filtrate (FCC) 15 days incubation with differential phytotoxic activity against two Musa cultivars was obtained. From this, the main fraction with nonspecific phytotoxic activity against both cultivars was purified. In this study, the biological activity of the aqueous phase and the main phytotoxic fraction purified from organic extract of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense VCG [01210] Race 1 FCC was determined on banana leaves of cv. `Gros Michel' (susceptible) and `FHIA-01' (resistant). Foc FCC phytotoxic effect was confirmed. The aqueous phase showed no phytotoxic activity on both cultivars, while the simultaneous application of the aqueous phase with the main phytotoxic fraction induced a differential response of tissues in susceptible and resistant cultivars evaluated. The results indicated that the compounds present in the aqueous phase are required to induce the protection of leaf tissue against phytotoxic main component of the pathogen. Key words: culture filtrate, Panama disease, resistant, susceptibleEl Mal de Panamá, causado por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) , se encuentra entre las enfermedades más importante de Musa spp. Foc es un hongo necrotrófico, sus fitotoxinas juegan un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Previamente se obtuvo un filtrado de cultivo (FCC) de 15 días de incubación con actividad fitotóxica diferencial frente a dos cultivares de Musa. A partir de este se purificó la principal fracción con actividad fitotóxicano específica frente a ambos cultivares. En el presente trabajo se determinó la actividad biológica de la fase acuosa y de la principal fracción fitotóxica purificada del extracto orgánico del FCC de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense GCV [01210] raza 1 sobre hojas de bananos cv. `Gros Michel' (susceptible) y `FHIA-01' (resistente). Se corroboró el efecto fitotóxico del FCC de Foc. La fase acuosa no mostró actividad fitotóxica sobre ambos cultivares, mientras que la aplicación simultánea de la fase acuosa con la fracción fitotóxica principal indujo una respuesta diferencial de los tejidos en los cultivares susceptible y resistente evaluados. Los resultados indicaron que los compuestos presentes en la fase acuosa se requieren para inducir la protección de los tejidos foliares frente al principal componente fitotóxico del patógeno. Palabras clave: filtrado de cultivo, Mal de Panamá, resistente, susceptibl

Safety and effectiveness of CIMAvax-EGF administered in community polyclinics

In spite of the advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapies, lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related death. The epidermal growth factor receptor is an established target for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and its overactivation by the ligands can induce accelerated proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis as well as proinflammatory or immunosuppressive signals. CIMAvax-EGF is an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-depleting immunotherapy that is approved for the treatment of NSCLC patients in Cuba. The study was designed as a phase IV trial to characterize the safety and effectiveness of CIMAvax-EGF in advanced NSCLC patients treated in 119 community polyclinics and 24 hospitals. CIMAvax-EGF treatment consisted of four bi-weekly doses followed by monthly boosters. Overall, 741 NSCLC patients ineligible for further cancer-specific treatment were enrolled. CIMAvax-EGF was safe, and the most common adverse events consisted of mild-to-moderate injection site reactions, fever, chills, tremors, and headache. For patients completing the loading doses, the median survival was 9.9 months. For individuals achieving at least stable disease to the frontline and completing vaccination induction, the median survival was 12 months. Most of the functional activities and symptoms evaluated through the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 questionnaire improved over time. In conclusion, this real-world trial demonstrated that CIMAvax-EGF was safe and effective in patients who were vaccinated in the maintenance scenario. A larger effect was seen in subjects with poor prognosis like those with squamous tumors and high EGF levels. Remarkably, this community-based intervention was very important because it demonstrated the feasibility of treating advanced lung cancer patients with active immunotherapy in primary care institutions. In addition to CIMAvax-EGF, patients received supportive care at the community clinic. Vaccine administration by the family doctors at the polyclinics reduced the patients’ burden on the medical oncology services that continued providing chemotherapy and other complex therapies. We conclude that community polyclinics constitute the optimal scenario for administering those cancer vaccines that are safe and require prolonged maintenance in patients with advanced cancer, despite the continuous deterioration of their general condition.Clinical trial registrationhttps://rpcec.sld.cu/trials/RPCEC00000205-En, identifier RPCEC00000205

Primary and Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases in Oncohaematology: Warning Signs, Diagnosis, and Management

Background: Immunodeficiencies (ID), in particular primary immunodeficiencies (PID), are often associated with haematological manifestations, such as peripheral cytopenias or lymphoproliferative syndromes. Early diagnosis and management have significant prognostic implications. Secondary immunodeficiencies (SID) may also be induced by oncohaematological diseases and their treatments. Haematologists and oncologists must therefore be aware of the association between blood disorders and cancer and ID, and be prepared to offer their patients appropriate treatment without delay. Our aim was to define the warning signs of primary and secondary IDs in paediatric and adult patients with oncohaematological manifestations.Methods: A multidisciplinary group of six experts (2 haematologists, 2 immunologists, and 2 paediatricians specializing in ID) conducted a literature review and prepared a document based on agreements reached an in-person meeting. An external group of 44 IDs specialists from all over Spain assessed the document and were consulted regarding their level of agreement.Results: This document identifies the haematological and extra-haematological diseases that should prompt a suspicion of PIDs in adults and children, in both primary care and haematology and oncology departments. Cytopenia and certain lymphoproliferative disorders are key diagnostic pointers. The diagnosis must be based on a detailed clinical history, physical exploration, complete blood count and standard laboratory tests. The immunological and haematological tests included in the diagnostic process will depend on the care level. Patients who are candidates for immunoglobulin replacement therapy must be carefully selected, and treatment should be offered as soon as possible to avoid the development of complications. Finally, this document recommends procedures for monitoring these patients.Conclusions: This document combines scientific evidence with the opinion of a broad panel of experts, and emphasizes the importance of an early diagnosis and treatment to avoid complications. The resulting document is a useful tool for primary care physicians and specialists who see both adult and paediatric patients with oncohaematological diseases

Search for top squarks in the four-body decay mode with single lepton final states in proton-proton collisions at s \sqrt{s} = 13 TeV

A search for the pair production of the lightest supersymmetric partner of the top quark, the top squark (t∼1), is presented. The search targets the four-body decay of the t∼1, which is preferred when the mass difference between the top squark and the lightest supersymmetric particle is smaller than the mass of the W boson. This decay mode consists of a bottom quark, two other fermions, and the lightest neutralino (χ∼01), which is assumed to be the lightest supersymmetric particle. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1 of proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV collected by the CMS experiment at the CERN LHC. Events are selected using the presence of a high-momentum jet, an electron or muon with low transverse momentum, and a significant missing transverse momentum. The signal is selected based on a multivariate approach that is optimized for the difference between m(t∼1) and m(χ∼01). The contribution from leading background processes is estimated from data. No significant excess is observed above the expectation from standard model processes. The results of this search exclude top squarks at 95% confidence level for masses up to 480 and 700 GeV for m(t∼1) − m(χ∼01) = 10 and 80 GeV, respectively