Integração económica de Angola na Africa Austral: oportunidades e desafios para as relações económicas com os parceiros da "SADC"

O presente trabalho analisa o processo de Integração Económica de Angola na África Austral, mais concretamente no agrupamento regional SADC. Procuraremos destacar as relações atualmente existentes entre Angola e o conjunto de países membros daquele agrupamento, bem como a dinâmica das futuras relações num contexto de reforço do processo de integração económica regional e as possibilidades de desenvolvimento económico na região. Considerando como marco inicial a década de 1990 pode-se afirmar que a integração na África Austral foi pensada naquele momento como um instrumento auxiliar à política de substituição de importações adotadas pelos países da região. Com o esgotamento dos efeitos desta política e com a estabilização política e militar em alguns dos países mais relevantes na região, casos da África do Sul e de Angola, o processo de integração económica na região da África Austral evoluiu para outros objetivos. O Estudo que desenvolvemos sobre o impacto de integração económica de Angola na SADC incidiu sobre alguns aspetos mais relevantes e estratégicos da economia angolana no contexto regional, em especial no plano da intensificação dos fluxos comerciais e de investimento e, ainda, da transferência de tecnologia. Naturalmente tivemos especial atenção à importância que o setor petrolífero angolano, enquanto principal fonte de receita desta economia desempenhou nas relações económicas com os restantes países do agrupamento da SADC, dado que este setor pode desempenhar um papel fulcral no processo de industrialização destes países, podendo contribuir para tornar a região numa potência emergente à escala regional; ANGOLA ECONOMIC INTEGRATION IN SOUTHERN AFRICA: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH PARTNERS "SADC” ABSTRACT: The present work analyzes the process of economic integration of Angola in southern Africa, specifically in the SADC regional grouping. Seek to emphasize the relations existing between Angola and sets of members of that group, and the dynamics of future relations in the context of strengthening regional economic integration and the opportunities for economic development in the region coutries. Considering as starting point the 1990 can be stated that the integration in Southern Africa was "thought" at that time as an auxiliary to the import substitution adopted by member countries of the region policy instrument. With the depletion of the effects of this policy and the political and military stabilization in some of the most important countries in the region (the case of South Africa and Angola) the process of economic integration in the Southern African region evolved for other purposes. The study that we propose to develop on the impact of economic integration of Angola in SADC will be developed on some most important and strategic aspects of the Angolan economy in the regional context, in particular in terms of intensification of trade and investment, and the transfer of technology. Of course we will have special attention to the importance that the Angolan oil setor, the main source of revenue in this economy plays in economic relations with other countries in the SADC grouping, as this sector can play a pivotal role in the industrialization process of these countries, contributing to make the region an emerging power on a regional scale

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)