Understanding pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality among young women in Rajasthan

This report is the result of an exploratory study of the pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality experiences of women who delivered in adolescence and adulthood in Rajasthan, undertaken by the Population Council with support from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation

Changing family planning scenario in India: An overview of recent evidence

Over the decades, there has been a substantial increase in contraceptive use in India. The direction, emphasis and strategies of the Family Welfare Programme have changed over time. However, meeting the contraceptive needs of considerable proportions of women and men and improving the quality of family planning services continue to be a challenge. The 1990s witnessed a growing recognition of this, and several innovative policy and programme initiatives have been launched to address these issues. This paper reviews and synthesises evidence from surveys and studies conducted in the 1990s and thereafter on contraceptive use dynamics and the unmet need for contraception in India. The paper also discusses some of the barriers that hindered the success of the programme and sheds light on new initiatives to address these, and assesses their impact if any. The paper makes suggestions for areas that need further programme and research attention

Understanding pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality among young women in Rajasthan

Pregnancy and childbearing continue to occur in adolescence for considerable proportions of women in India. The dangers of childbearing for adolescent girls, whose bodies have not physically matured, are widely acknowledged. Yet, little is known about whether morbidity and mortality experiences vary within the subgroup of adolescent girls, whether such experiences differ between adolescent and adult women of similar parity, and whether treatment-seeking behaviors and the delays experienced in seeking treatment differ between adolescent and adult mothers. To begin to fill this gap, the Population Council undertook an exploratory study of the pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality experiences of women who delivered in early adolescence (below 17 years), late adolescence (17–19 years), and adulthood (25–29 years), and the constraints they faced in seeking appropriate and timely care. As noted in this report, the study was conducted in Rajasthan, India, a state characterized by a high maternal mortality ratio and low age at marriage

Making pregnancy safe for women in Rajasthan: Targeting the most vulnerable

As recently as 2005–06, almost two out of three women in Rajasthan, India were married before age 18 years (of those aged 20–24). Moreover, half of currently married girls aged 15–19 years in the state had already begun childbearing. The dangers of childbearing among adolescent girls, whose bodies have not physically matured, are widely acknowledged, as are the links between poverty and unsafe pregnancy. Yet, less is known about whether morbidity and mortality experiences vary within the subgroup of adolescent girls, whether such experiences differ between adolescent and adult women of similar parity, and whether treatment-seeking behaviors and the delays experienced in seeking treatment differ between adolescent and adult mothers. Little is known, moreover, about the extent of the disadvantage faced by women from different social classes. This policy brief documents the magnitude of self-reported pregnancy-related morbidity among low-parity adolescent and adult women, and the constraints they face in seeking appropriate and timely care in Rajasthan. It also sheds light on the extent to which morbidity and the constraints experienced in seeking care differ across social classes

ANALISIS KONTRIBUSI PAJAK REKLAME DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENDAPATAN ASLI DAERAH DI KABUPATEN SIDOARJO TAHUN 2011-2013

Regional of embodiments development and regional financial governance, Law No. 28 of 2009 on Local Taxes and Levies are one source of local revenue. Study uses quantitative methods. This study to determine the contribution of Advertisement Tax Revenue in Developing Regions to like this how much acceptance of advertisement tax revenue in this sector annually bigger or getting down to the level of contributions. The results of the analysis and discussion on the development of advertisement tax beginning in 2011 the target of 1.905.993.882.859,38, 2.005.191.397.714,27 realizable value percentage 105.20%. Whereas in 2012 the target 2284511936806.00, 2.317.444.096.384,41 realizable value, and the percentage of 101.44%. If in 2013 the target of increased 2.644.581.299.007,00, 2.695.270.157.664,95 realizable value, and the percentage of 101.95%. For advertisement tax contribution of the year 2011 amounted to 1.68%, 1.28% in 2012, 1.03% in 2013 due to decreased and the proportion of the original income Sidoarjo lack of consumer interest to put the advertisement tax.Keyword: Contribution Advertisement tax, District Own Local Revenu

Amniotic fluid optical density at spontaneous onset of labour and it’s correlation with gestational age, birth weight and functional maturity of newborn

Background: Respiratory distress is the common cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Babies born even at 40 weeks of gestation developed respiratory distress. The maturity of newborn is independent of gestational age and birth weight of newborn. In this study amniotic fluid optical density (AFOD) is correlated with the functional maturity of newborn.Methods: In this study, hundred singleton pregnant women who underwent first trimester scan and crown rump length estimation, and who were on spontaneous labor were selected for this observational study. Under aseptic precautions AF samples were collected while doing amniotomy with 2 ml disposable syringe, also collected during caesarean section after careful hysterotomy from the bulging membranes. Amniotic fluid optical density studied with spectrometer at 650 nm. Birth weights were recorded for all the babies. Babies are also looked for the respiratory distress, NICU admission.Results: In this study, respiratory distress was reported in 28% of newborns whereas 72% of newborns did not have distress. In the present study, 27% of newborns were admitted in NICU where as 73% of the newborns were on mother’s side following delivery. Babies with AFOD 0.98±0.27 were functionally mature, skin was pleased brown in colour with little vernix, none of them had respiratory distress. Amniotic fluid optical density <0.4 developed respiratory distress.Conclusions: Amniotic fluid optical density is a simple method to assess the functional maturity of newborn

PRAKTIK DUAL LISTING DI INDONESIA

There are several foreign companies that perform multiple share listing in Indonesia, but there are still some obstacles faced by the recording of stock that still need to be reviewed by the Indonesian Stock Exchange. Once the regulations regarding the record has addressed, the multiple listing of share can be immediately implemented. So if we want this practice of multiple share listing to be going well, we should adopt multiple share listing from Singapore. As you know Singapore has practiced multiple stocks with good record and continues to grow every year. Keywords: Dual Listing, Bursa Efek Indonesia, peraturan pencatata

Providing maternal and newborn health services: Experiences of auxiliary nurse midwives in Rajasthan

To better understand the experiences of auxiliary nurse-midwives (ANMs) in providing maternal and newborn health services and to obtain their perspectives on Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), the Population Council undertook an exploratory study of ANMs in two districts of the north-western state of Rajasthan, India. Findings show that the vast majority of the ANMs were aware of best practices related to the immediate care of the newborn. Nevertheless, the findings also suggested a number of priority areas for action, including increased investment in training, encouraging provision of services on a more regular basis, making special efforts to enable ANMs to follow standard protocols of care, and raising ANMs’ awareness about the JSY program and addressing weaknesses identified by ANMs

Supporting married girls: Calling attention to a neglected group

In the next ten years, if current patterns continue, more than 100 million girls will marry before the age of 18, according to Population Council analyses of United Nations country data. Child marriage—any marriage that occurs before age 18—is considered a human rights violation by international convention. Marriage transforms virtually all aspects of girls’ lives. Typically, girls who marry are moved from their familial home and village, lose contact with friends, initiate sexual activity with someone they barely know, and soon become mothers. In Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, India, Nigeria, and elsewhere, the Council is undertaking research to better understand the situation of married girls and to more adequately meet their unique social, health, and development needs. Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief No. 3 outlines Council initiatives to increase understanding of the transition to marriage, to expand married girls’ opportunities, to increase their access to health services, and to develop appropriate health information messages, especially as related to first pregnancy and birth and to HIV and AIDS

Diverse realities: Understanding sexually transmitted infections and HIV in India

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, currently have high salience on the health care agendas of many countries, including India. Strategies for their control are ideally based on a number of well-recognised principles. These include: assessments of the burden of disease; the availability of interventions at policy and programme levels, to influence behaviour change and technical ‘solutions’; and the calculated cost-effectiveness of these interventions. In the case of India, data to inform these principles are often lacking in the case of STI control. In this paper we have reviewed the evidence base for STI control in the Indian context. The paper is split into a number of sections: a review of the socio-demographic and structural level factors which may indicate vulnerability to epidemics of the sexually transmitted infections; a compilation of the available evidence on the prevalence and epidemiology of these infections; individual level risk factors for infection; responses to risk and infection—both at the individual level and within the pluralistic health service; and a detailed review of the STI/HIV control programme in the country. We conclude with a summary of the evidence base and make suggestions for areas where further work is needed to strengthen this base