Comparisons between the developmental effects of diurnal temperature fluctuations predicted from models based on thermal reaction norms designed for constant temperatures with those observed in fluctuating temperatures.

<p>Comparisons between the developmental effects of diurnal temperature fluctuations predicted from models based on thermal reaction norms designed for constant temperatures with those observed in fluctuating temperatures.</p

Distribution of the cumulative development/ senescence time frequencies for different life stages of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i> at various constant temperatures in laboratory (Fitted function: logit model for all stages).

<p>¹‘a’ represents the intercepts at respective temperatures</p><p>Distribution of the cumulative development/ senescence time frequencies for different life stages of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i> at various constant temperatures in laboratory (Fitted function: logit model for all stages).</p

Estimated parameters of the four parameter Sharpe and DeMichele model fitted to the temperature-dependent development rate of immature life stages of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i>.

<p>Estimated parameters of the four parameter Sharpe and DeMichele model fitted to the temperature-dependent development rate of immature life stages of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i>.</p

Temperature-dependent senescence rates (1/ day) for adults of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i>.

<p>Female(a) and Male (b). Fitted curves: Modified Sharpe and DeMichele model for both sexes. The upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of the model are indicated. Bars represent standard deviation of the mean.</p

Temperature-dependent mortality rates of immature life stages S. litura.

<p>Egg (a), Larva (b) and Pupa (c). Fitted curves: Wang model for all immature stages. The upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of the model are indicated. Markers are observed means, bars represent standard deviation.</p

Temperature-dependent reproduction of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i>.

<p>Total egg production curve, fitted function: exponential polynomial model (a); and Age-related oviposition rate, fitted curve: Gamma distribution function (b). The upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of the model are indicated. The dots are observed data points.</p

Life table parameters of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i> estimated at six constant temperatures.

<p>Intrinsic rate of natural increase (a), Net reproduction rate (b), Gross reproductive rate (c), Mean generation time (d), Finite rate of increase (e), and Doubling time (f).</p

Change in number of generations per year of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i> in soybean growing areas of India based on generation index (GI).

<p>Current climatic conditions (a), Future climatic conditions (b), and Absolute change in GI (c). Economic damage is most likely to occur in the regions with generation index values > 7.0.</p

Scheme of model implementation for estimating temperature-dependent <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i> population growth.

<p>Scheme of model implementation for estimating temperature-dependent <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i> population growth.</p

Estimated parameters of the Wang model fitted to the temperature-dependent mortality rate for immature life stages of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i>.

<p>Estimated parameters of the Wang model fitted to the temperature-dependent mortality rate for immature life stages of <i>S</i>. <i>litura</i>.</p