Differential gene expression in TECs post-exposure.

<p>mRNA fold difference in TECs exposed to R_low, R_low LAMP, R_high or R_high LAMP at 1.5, 6 and 24 hours respectively. Samples normalized to housekeeping gene GAPDH and un-exposed TECs as control. n = 6 for all experiments. Results are denoted as fold change ± SEM with all control values set at 1. Significant differences denoted as * = P<0.05, ** = P<0.01, *** = P<0.001. <b>A:</b> IL-12p40 mRNA. <b>B:</b> IL-8 mRNA. <b>C:</b> IL-6 mRNA. <b>D:</b> CCL-20 mRNA. <b>E:</b> NOS-2 mRNA. <b>F:</b> IL-1β mRNA.</p

<i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> Lipid Associated Membrane Proteins Up-regulate Inflammatory Genes in Chicken Tracheal Epithelial Cells via TLR-2 Ligation through an NF-κB Dependent Pathway

<div><p><i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i>-mediated respiratory inflammation in chickens is associated with accumulation of leukocytes in the tracheal submucosa. However the molecular mechanisms underpinning these changes have not been well described. We hypothesized that the initial inflammatory events are initiated upon ligation of mycoplasma lipid associated membrane proteins (LAMP) to TLRs expressed on chicken tracheal epithelial cells (TEC). To test this hypothesis, live bacteria or LAMPs isolated from a virulent (R_low) or a non-virulent (R_high) strain were incubated with primary TECs or chicken tracheae <i>ex vivo</i>. Microarray analysis identified up-regulation of several inflammatory and chemokine genes in TECs as early as 1.5 hours post-exposure. Kinetic analysis using RT-qPCR identified the peak of expression for most genes to be at either 1.5 or 6 hours. <i>Ex-vivo</i> exposure also showed up-regulation of inflammatory genes in epithelial cells by 1.5 hours. Among the commonly up-regulated genes were IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p40, CCL-20, and NOS-2, all of which are important immune-modulators and/or chemo-attractants of leukocytes. While these inflammatory genes were up-regulated in all four treatment groups, R_low exposed epithelial cells both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>ex vivo</i> showed the most dramatic up-regulation, inducing over 100 unique genes by 5-fold or more in TECs. Upon addition of a TLR-2 inhibitor, LAMP-mediated gene expression of IL-1β and CCL-20 was reduced by almost 5-fold while expression of IL-12p40, IL-6, IL-8 and NOS-2 mRNA was reduced by about 2–3 fold. Conversely, an NF-κB inhibitor abrogated the response entirely for all six genes. miRNA-146a, a negative regulator of TLR-2 signaling, was up-regulated in TECs in response to either R_low or R_high exposure. Taken together we conclude that LAMPs isolated from both R_high and R_low induced rapid, TLR-2 dependent but transient up-regulation of inflammatory genes in primary TECs through an NF-κB dependent pathway.</p></div

Primary chicken tracheal epithelial cell culture (TEC).

<p>Primary chicken tracheal epithelial cells were isolated and cultured as described in the <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112796#s2" target="_blank">Methods</a> section. <b>1A:</b> Primary chicken tracheal epithelial cells at 100X magnification. <b>1B:</b> Confirmation of tracheal epithelial cell identity both <i>in vitro</i> and freshly isolated (<i>ex vivo</i>) from tracheae after <i>ex-vivo</i> exposure: PCR amplified epithelial cell specific genes from cDNA in agarose gel, compared to chicken embryonic fibroblast (DF-1) cells. <b>1C:</b> Tracheal epithelial cells stained for E-cadherin and Vimentin at (400X magnification). Left panel shows TECs at different filter setting Blue (DAPI) for nuclear staining, Green (FITC) for Vimentin and Red (AlexaFluor 546) for E-cadherin, right panel shows merged picture for all filters. <b>1D:</b> DF-1 fibroblast cells stained for E-cadherin and Vimentin at 400X magnification. Left panel shows DF-1 cells at different filter setting; Blue (DAPI) for nuclear staining, Green (FITC) for Vimentin and Red (AlexaFluor 546) for E-cadherin; right panel shows merged picture for all filters.</p

Genes of significant interest from microarray analysis.

<p>Representative list of <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0112796#pone.0112796.s005" target="_blank">Table S1</a>: mRNA fold changes ≥2 (p-value ≤0.05) in TECs exposed to R_low, R_high, R_low LAMP and R_high LAMP compared to control.</p><p>Genes of significant interest from microarray analysis.</p

Differential gene expression in TECs exposed to LAMPs in the presence of signaling inhibitors.

<p>Epithelial cells were exposed to LAMPs isolated from R_low or R_high in the presence or absence of signaling inhibitors for 6 hours. Samples were normalized to the housekeeping gene GAPDH and un-exposed TECs served as control. n = 6 for all experiments. Results are denoted as fold change ± SEM with all control values set at 1. Significant differences denoted as * = P<0.05, ** = P<0.01, *** = P<0.001. <b>A</b>. IL-12p40. <b>B</b>. IL-1β. <b>C</b>. IL-8. <b>D</b>. IL-6. <b>E.</b> CCL-20. <b>F</b>. NOS-2.</p

RT-qPCR analysis of miRNA and IL-10 differential expression in TECs.

<p>Epithelial cells were exposed to R_low, R_low LAMP, R_high or R_high LAMP at 1.5, 6 and 24 hours respectively. Samples were normalized to housekeeping gene GAPDH and un-exposed TECs as control. n = 6 for all experiments. Results are denoted as fold change ± SEM with all control values set at 1. Significant differences denoted as * = P<0.05, ** = P<0.01, *** = P<0.001. <b>A:</b> mRNA fold difference of IL-10 in TECs at all three time points post exposure. <b>B:</b> mRNA fold difference of miRNA-146a in TECs at all three time points post exposure.</p

Distribution of differentially regulated genes in TECs.

<p>Differentially regulated genes (≥5 fold) in tracheal epithelial cell after exposure to live R_low, R_high or LAMPs isolated from either strain 1.5 hours after exposure. The star (*) in the figure represent commonly up-regulated genes upon all four exposures, from which six follow up genes were chosen. n = 8 (4 biological replicates x2 dye swap technical replicates) for all microarray experiments.</p

Gene specific primers for RT-qPCR.

<p>Gene specific primers for RT-qPCR.</p

Differential gene expression in tracheal epithelial cells after <i>ex-vivo</i> exposure to LAMPs.

<p>Comparison of mRNA fold difference in tracheal epithelial cells from tracheal explant exposed to R_low, R_low LAMP, R_high or R_high LAMP at 1.5 and 6 hours respectively. Samples normalized to housekeeping gene GAPDH and un-exposed tracheae as control. n = 6 for all experiments. Results are denoted as fold change ± SEM with all control values set at 1. Significant differences denoted as * = P<0.05, ** = P<0.01, *** = P<0.001. <b>A:</b> mRNA fold difference of all genes at 1.5 hours. <b>B:</b> mRNA fold difference of all genes at 6 hours.</p