Integrated Access and Backhaul based 5G Connectivity for Rural Indian Sectors – ending the Digital Divide

The world is heading towards deployment of 5G commercially by the year 2020. But providing broadband 5G connectivity to remote rural regions is a significant challenge. Fiber connectivity has attempted to penetrate rural regions but last mile connectivity is still a problem in many rural sectors due to improper land demarcation and hostile terrain. A scheme which is based on the Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) concept is proposed to provide last mile 5G connectivity to satisfy the broadband needs of rural subscribers. A wireless 5G downlink environment following 3GPP NR specifications with a significantly high throughput is simulated. The last mile link is provided through a 28GHz carrier from a proposed IAB node delivering a data throughput of 4.301 Gbps for single-user carrier aggregation and 5.733 Gbps for multi-user carrier aggregation which is quite promising for broadband service, like high-speed Internet and streaming video. The results presented in this work are observed to agree favourably with the results of other researchers in the field

Thermal degradation of sugar-modified uridine N-oxides: olefination, oxazolidination and rearrangements

The degradation pattern of the N-oxides of various tertiary aminouridines is established. The N-oxide of 3'-deoxy-3'-morpholino-arauridine generated double bonds in the carbohydrate moiety without much selectivity, whereas epimino uridine N-oxides generated only d₄U. Oxazolidine derivatives were formed from the N-oxides of 3'-deoxy-3'-N-pyrrolidino/morpholino-2,2'-O-anhydrouridines and 3'-deoxy-3'-N-pyrrolidino/morpholino-2'-O-mesylarauridines. 2'-Deoxy-2'-N-pyrrolidino/morpholino-2'-O-mesylxylouridines produced rearranged products 3'-O-N-pyrrolidino/morpholino-2,2'-O-anhydrouridines

Integrated Access and Backhaul based 5G Connectivity for Rural Indian Sectors – ending the Digital Divide

The world is heading towards deployment of 5G commercially by the year 2020. But providing broadband 5G connectivity to remote rural regions is a significant challenge. Fiber connectivity has attempted to penetrate rural regions but last mile connectivity is still a problem in many rural sectors due to improper land demarcation and hostile terrain. A scheme which is based on the Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) concept is proposed to provide last mile 5G connectivity to satisfy the broadband needs of rural subscribers. A wireless 5G downlink environment following 3GPP NR specifications with a significantly high throughput is simulated. The last mile link is provided through a 28GHz carrier from a proposed IAB node delivering a data throughput of 4.301 Gbps for single-user carrier aggregation and 5.733 Gbps for multi-user carrier aggregation which is quite promising for broadband service, like high-speed Internet and streaming video. The results presented in this work are observed to agree favourably with the results of other researchers in the field

Synthesis and reactions of allenic sulfone-modified thymidine: the first allenic sulfone to alkylate deoxyadenosine

3'-(S)-(allenic sulfonyl)-5'-benzoyl-3'-deoxythymidine has been synthesized from 1-(5-O-trityl-3-O-mesyl-2-deoxy-β-D-threopentofuranosyl) thymine via 3'-(S)-(propargylthio)-5'-trityl-3'-deoxythymidine in six steps. 3'-(S)-(allenic sulfonyl)-3'-deoxy­thymidine reacts very efficiently with a wide array of nucleophiles. This is also the first report on the alkylation of adenine moiety by some allenic sulfone modified compounds

One-step synthesis of C-2 dialkylamino-substituted 2',3'-O-anhydro-lyxo-uridines: first report on the opening of 2,2'-O-anhydro-bridge of 2,2'-O-anhydrouridine by secondary amines

Secondary amines successfully opened the 2,2'-O-anhydro-bridge of 2,2'-O-anhydrouridines 8a and 8b in presence of 3'-O-mesyl group to produce compounds 10a-13a and 10b-13b, a new class of isocytidine derivatives

Axial interaction of the [Ru<SUB>2</SUB>(CO)<SUB>4</SUB>]<SUP>2+</SUP> core with the Aryl C−H Bond: route to cyclometalated compounds involving a metal−metal-bonded diruthenium unit

Room-temperature activation of the aromatic C−H bond by the [Ru2(CO)4]2+ core has been achieved. The reactions of 2-phenyl-1,8-naphthyridine (phNP) and 2-(2,5-dimethyl-3-furyl)-1,8-naphthyridine (Me2fuNP) with [Ru2(CO)4(MeCN)6][BF4]2 in dichloromethane provide the agostic-cyclometalated compounds [Ru2(phNP)(C6H4-NP)(CO)4][BF4] (1) and [Ru2(Me2fuNP)(C4OMe2-NP)(CO)4][BF4] (2), respectively. In both compounds, one of the ligands is ortho-metalated, while the second ligand is engaged in an agostic interaction. The ortho metalation is preferred over the potential S coordination for 2-(2-thienyl)-1,8-naphthyridine (thNP), yielding [Ru2(thNP)(C4H2S-NP)(CO)4][BF4] (3). In acetonitrile, the compound [Ru2(thNP)2(CO)4][BF4]2 (4) is obtained exclusively. The donation of a C−H bonding electron pair to the Ru−Ru σ* LUMO and back-donation from the filled Ru−Ru π* orbital to the C−H σ* orbital cause facile C−H bond cleavage. In contrast, the isoelectronic [Rh2]4+ provides the agostic compounds [Rh2(OAc)3(phNP)C1] (5) and [Rh2(L)(η1-L)(OAc)2(CH3CN)2][BF4]2 (L = phNP, nplNP (2-(2-naphthyl)-1,8-naphthyridine) for compounds 6 and 7, respectively). The molecular structures of compounds 1−3, 5, and 7 have been established by X-ray crystallography

C−C bond forming reaction through aldol-type addition mediated by a [Ru<SUB>2</SUB>(CO)<SUB>4</SUB>]<SUP>2+</SUP> core

An aldol-like addition of acetone to 2-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine and 2,3-dimethyl-1,8-naphthyridine mediated by a [Ru<SUB>2</SUB>(CO)<SUB>4</SUB>]<SUP>2+</SUP> core at room temperature affords the C−C-coupled compounds 2-methyl-1-(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (L1) and 2-methyl-1-(3-methyl-1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)propan-2-ol (L2). A similar reaction with methyl ethyl ketone and 2-methyl-1,8-naphthyridine affords 2-methyl-1-(1,8-naphthyridin-2-yl)butan-2-ol (L3). The syntheses and structures of [Ru<SUB>2</SUB>(CO)<SUB>4</SUB>(L1)<SUB>2</SUB>][X]<SUB>2</SUB> (2, X = BF<SUB>4</SUB>; 2a, X = OTf), [Ru<SUB>2</SUB>(CO)<SUB>4</SUB>(L2)<SUB>2</SUB>][BF<SUB>4</SUB>]<SUB>2</SUB> (3), and [Ru<SUB>2</SUB>(CO)<SUB>4</SUB>(L3)<SUB>2</SUB>][BF<SUB>4</SUB>]<SUB>2</SUB> (4) are reported here

Sugar-modified uridine bisvinyl sulfone: synthesis of a bifunctionalized nucleoside Michael acceptor and its use in stereoselective tandem cyclization

A bisvinyl sulfone functionality is incorporated into the carbohydrate moiety of uridine to synthesize 6 (or 7) which is a bifunctionalized nucleoside Michael acceptor and has the potential to form covalent bond with biological nucleophiles. This compound could be used to generate a large number and a new class of bicyclic S,S-dioxidethiazine derivatives 8−12 in stereoselective fashion. Compound 6 is also useful for the synthesis of a wide variety of monosubstituted compounds 13−15. The structures of compounds 8−12 have been established unambiguously by synthesising the core structure 28 in a stereospecific fashion