Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona

Privjesci rimske konjske orme vješali su se pomoću falere ili izravno na remenje konja kako bi pridonijeli dojmu koji je konjanik ostavljao svojom pojavom; no nisu služili samo kao ukras, nego im se oblikom, detaljima ili prikazima na njima dodavalo simbolično značenje. Najvažnija je bila zaštitna uloga privjesaka, koji su čuvali od zla i nesreće. Obrađeni predmeti pripadaju različitim tipovima privjesaka, a kako su u Muzej dospjeli kao slučajni nalazi pa nam detaljne okolnosti nalaza nisu poznate, datirani su pomoću analognih primjeraka s različitih rimskih lokaliteta. Oprema konja, pa tako i način ukrašavanja ovisili su o statusu konjanika u društvu, odnosno o vojničkom rangu. Od šest ovdje obrađenih privjesaka iz Salone, dva pripadaju lunulastima, dva trodijelnima listolikima, jedan je suzoliki, te jedan srcoliki. Vremenski pripadaju 1. st.Pendants on Roman riding harnesses were hung with the help of phalerae or directly on the straps to contribute to the impression made by the rider’s appearance. Their function, however, was not only decorative, as the form, details or the images on them added a symbolic meaning. Their protective role was the most important, i.e. they were meant to ward off evil or misfortune. The analyzed items belong to various pendant groups. Since they arrived in the Museum as chance finds, and detailed circumstances surrounding their discovery are not known, they were dated with the help of analogous examples from various Roman-era sites. Riding gear, including its manner of decoration, reflected the social status of the rider, i.e. his military rank. The pendants analyzed here are of various types, but they were dated within the framework of the first century

Finds of Roman Military Equipment from the Augusteum in Narona

U članku se obrađuju dijelovi rimske vojne opreme iz Augusteuma u Naroni. Nalazi pripadaju zaštitnoj (ulomak oklopa) i konjskoj opremi (privjesci i falera), te pojasu vojnika (okov), a datirani su u razdoblje od 1. do 3. st. Najranije su datirani listoliki privjesci konjske orme koji pripadaju razdoblju druge polovice 1. st., a slična se datacija pretpostavlja i za faleru. Ulomak ljuskastog oklopa pripada tipu koji se javlja od 2. st., a za pojasni okov je datacijski okvir druga polovica 2. i početak 3. st. s mogućim trajanjem do sredine tog stoljeća. Obrada materijala prvenstveno je usmjerena na tipološko-kronološko, te namjensko određenje, a u kraćim se crtama razmatraju okolnosti nalaza obzirom na koje se može pretpostaviti da su predmeti u hram dospjeli kao zavjetni darovi.Narona (Vid, near Metković) was in Antiquity one of the most important centres on the eastern coast of the Adriatic. It was not only its convenient position for commercial exchanges but also its fertile soil for the development of agriculture that contributed to the growth of the city in the area. After the middle of the 1st century BC, Narona acquired the status of colony, and at the end of that century, a shrine to Emperor Augustus was built in the city. Although it had primarily an agrarian and mercantile character, which determined the natures of its inhabitants, the city with its surroundings was an important military base in the conquest of Illyricum and a major stronghold of the Romans for military campaigns against that people in the period from a bit before the middle of the 2nd century BC to the beginning of the second half of the 1st century BC. In the surroundings of Narona the presence of soldiers is confirmed by numerous epigraphs, which are supported by archaeological finds, but apart from the five finds in the Augusteum, there are just a few in the area of the town. The finds in the Augusteum comprise three items of horse equipment, one fragment of armour and a belt mount, probably belonging to a belt set. A tripartite leaf-shaped pendant for a harness (T 1.1) is dated to the time from the Claudian to the Flavian, and in the typology of M. C. Bishop is defined as type 1l. They are found in various sites in the Empire, this same variant also including specimens the central leg of which ends in the shape of a palmette, which are somewhat more numerous than those of the kind from Narona. They can be found in Dalmatia too, for example, in Salona and Tilurium. Among the pendants from Dalmatian sites that belong to this type, if not to the variant, mentioned here by analogy, we find luxury pendants, not only at military sites, such as Burnum (variant 1p) and Tilurium (variant 1s) but in city centres such as in Salona (variant 1v). A second harness pendant from the Augusteum (T. 1. 2) is perhaps of the tear-shaped type (Bishop 5), variant 5a, which is characterised by kidney shaped perforations at the top, a spherical ending and a shape close to that of a heart. Tear-shaped pendants were in use long, first appeared at the latest in the age of Claudius, lasting the whole of the 2nd century. In various versions they are often found at Roman sites, but examples of variant 5a are not very numerous. There are similar pendants from Sisak and Augusta the edges of which are straight, but the closest analogy is a specimen from Wiesbaden. Also belonging to the harness is a phalera (T. 1. 3) with a square loop on the rear, which belongs to the type with one loop through which the bridle was drawn (Bishop 1c), and since it has no central opening for a rivet was clearly meant only for a horizontal strap of the harness. The phalera from the Augusteum fits into the chronological framework of the rest of the material found, with the proviso that the dating of the phalerae to an extent similar to ours and some functional decorative items of similar form might suggest a period of the second half of the 1st century. Two bronze plates of scale armour (T. 1. 4) each with four pairs of holes, are dated, because of the existence of perforations on the bottom of the plates (which which they were additionally fastened to the lower row of scales), to the time of the 2nd century. In Croatia, most numerous are fragments from Sisak, among which there are several that are similar to ours, while those from Dalj are more elongated and have a sharper tip. Finds from Burnum castrum, although they are elongated, do not have perforations at the bottom. As for finds in other areas of the Empire (including those from Corbridge, Avenches, Mušov, Bonn, Eining-Unterfeldt) those most similar, in terms of shape and distribution of the perforations, are items from Dura-Europos. The belt mount belongs to the type with a trumpet-shaped decoration (T. 1.5). Items decorated with this kind of motif constitute a unique chronological grouping of material dating to the second half of the 2nd and the beginning of the 3rd century, possibly continuing through the first half of the 3rd, their dating being confirmed by finds with coins in closed grave units. Such mountings are a frequent find in the area of the Rhenish and the Danubian limes, but they can be found in numerous sites through the Empire. A decoration with trumpet shaped motifs is not limited to belt sets, but is used in the decoration and shaping of objects for other purpose, horse equipment and fibulae, for example. The objects discussed in the article are also found in the temenos of the Augusteum in Narona, and it can be assumed that they came there as votive gifts. The practice of dedicating weapons and horse trappings is known since prehistory, and is well documented in the Late Iron Age. The making of votive offerings, as proved on altars, was common in the Roman Empire, and research into shrines from Britain, Gaul and the Germanic area shows that parts of military equipment, especially during the 1st century, were frequently consecrated and deposited as votive gifts. The small number of metal finds in the temple, as compared with other types of finds, can be explained in several ways. Researches from shrines at several sites have shown that usually whole objects or sets were consecrated, and we can assume that our finds are only parts of horse trappings or belt sets or armour that were originally dedicated. During the course of time, or during the demolition and filling of the shrine, the metal objects might have been destroyed or collected for reuse of the metal, which was a common practice in the Roman period. It has to be borne in mind that this was a city shrine that was not primarily meant for soldiers, who might have undertaken their vows in shrines that probably existed in the camps in which they were stationed, which leads to the supposition that originally military equipment was not represented to the same extent as some other categories of objects

Metal finds from the site of Banjače in Dugopolje

U radu se obrađuju metalni nalazi s arheološkog istraživanja na lokalitetu Banjače u Dugopolju vođenog 2005. godine, koja su proveli djelatnici Odsjeka za arheologiju Filozofskog fakulteta u Zagrebu. U obrađenom materijalu prevladava oruđe (srp, klinovi, strugala, noževi, čavli, zakovice), dok su u manjoj mjeri zastupljeni kućni inventar (zasun brave, igle za šivanje, okov) i osobni predmeti (fibula, okvir kopče), te se nameće zaključak da se radi o seoskom gospodarstvu, kakvih je sigurno bilo u antičko doba na području plodnog dugopoljskog polja i koja su vjerojatno bila organizirana u zaseoke (vicus). Kako je većina datiranog materijala iz razdoblja kasne antike, a raniji materijal dopušta dataciju u 4. st., nalazi iz Banjača mogu se staviti u vremenske okvire od 4. do 6. st.The paper presents metal finds from the archaeological excavations carried out at the site of Banjače in Dugopolje, conducted in 2005 by the employees of the Department of Archaeology of the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences in Zagreb. The analyzed material is dominated by tools (sickle, wedges, scraper, knifes, nails, rivets), with significantly less finds of house inventory (shutter, sewing needles, shackle) and personal items (fibula, clasp), leading to the conclusion that this was a rural farm the like of which must have existed on the fertile territory of Dugopolje in Antiquity and which were probably organized as villages (vicus). Seeing as most of the material was dated to the Late Antiquity, and older material can be dated to the 4th century, the finds from Banjače can be dated to the timeframe between the 4th and the 6th century

Fibule tip Almgren 65 i Nova Vas iz Arheološkog muzeja Split

Obrađene kasnolatenske fibule iz antičke zbirke Arheološkog muzeja Split podijeljene su u dvije skupine. Tipu Almgren 65 pripada devet primjeraka datiranih u 1. st. pr. Kr. Tip Nova Vas, datiran u prvu polovinu 1. st. pr. Kr., zastupljen je trima primjercima. Kako je matično područje za prvi tip sjeverna Italija, a za drugi područje Istre i Slovenije, postojanje gotovo identičnih primjeraka na području Dalmacije svjedoči o ostvarenim vezama s tim područjima u kasnolatenskom vremenu, te pomiču južnu granicu njihova rasprostiranja

Several Earli Roman Imperial Fibulae from Salona

U radnji su obrađene fibule porijeklom s keltskog područja, datirane u ranocarsko doba. Premda sve četiri fibule pripadaju različitim tipovima, srodne su po mjestu i vremenu nastanka. Svjedočanstvo su uspostavljenih veza između Salone i matičnog područja tih fibula u ranocarskom razdoblju.Good traffic position, early Roman influence, the role of Salona in the civil war between Pompeius and Caesar, are the reasons why Salona developed into one of the most important urban centres of the Adriatic in 1st c. BC. During the rule of the Emperor Augustus Salona belonged to Rome: conventus civium Romanorum was formed already in the first half of 1st century, some time between Cosconius conquest of Salona, 78-76th BC, and Caesar’s Consulate for Illyricum, 58-56th BC; it became a colony during the rule of Caesar or Augustus. Those were the conditions in which Salona established better and better contacts with the rest of the Empire. The finds of fibulae in Salona, whose origins are in Gaelic area, are dated in the end of 1st century BC and beginning of 1st century AD. They are the proof of connections with the area of their origin, whether they were brought to Salona as a result of trade or other contacts of people, that is, as a part of costume worn by newcomers from the area where these fibulae originate from. Sample (Cat. No. 1), excavated in Salona, belongs to type Feugere 16a2 (Almgren 240, Riha 4.5.5 Ettlinger 25, Rey-Vodoz 4.5.5), which ended with the times of Augustus. As the densest concentration of the variant 16a2 is in the area of Switzerland, this is where the centre of manufacture of these fibulae is being looked for. Interesting for us are the samples from Augst and Martigny, identical to ours. As this type was not used on a massive scale in the area out of its origin, nor was it accepted in local production of any other area, according to the knowledge so far, it is possible to claim that our sample arrived in Salona from Gaelic area in Augustan times. Fibula of type Feugere 18b1(Cat. No. 2) (Feugere 18b1, Mazur 4.5, Riha 4.6) is related to the previous one. This type is concentrated in the area of France, particularly Burgundy, where its production is proved as well. Finds from other areas are sporadic, they come from the areas of Switzerland, Luxemburg, Germany and Croatia. They are dated in Augustan times, mainly starting with the 1st c. BC. Fibulae type Feugere 14a (Almgren 241, Ettlinger 9, Rey-Vodoz 2.2) come from the area of Gaul, where they existed in the first half of 1st century, and completely disappeared in the times of Nero. The conclusion based on the numerous finds in military stations is that these fibulae were worn by soldiers, which does not exclude the civilians as there were also many finds in settlements and rustic villas. Fibulae Feugere 14b1b (Ettlinger 9, Rey-Vodoz 4.4.1.,Riha 4.4.1 have been found all over the same area as fibulae Feugere 16a2, they originate in Augustan times, possibly slightly later the previous type, and were made throughout the first half of the 1st c. Among numerous varieties of the type, ours belongs to the most numerous one, and the area where it has often been found is France (central and eastern), Switzerland and the area of the River Rhein. In England this variety is also frequent; the finds are dated in the first half of the 1st c., mainly in Claudius’ times. Finds in other areas are sporadic. Our samples are most similar to the ones in France, therefore we suppose this type import from the area of its origin. Although not numerous, the existence of the fibulae in Salona, dealt with in this work, prove the connection with their place of origin. These fibulae were not accepted in local production of various parts of the Roman Empire, but from their place of origin they were imported to other areas. This assertion particularly refers to the types Feugere 16a2 and 18b because their production was largely centralised, and the finds thereof are rare outside its area of origin. As they existed in the first two decades of the 1st century as well, their presence in Salona can be connected with the powerful military movements in the early 1st century, which caused movement of the military and civilian inhabitants

Components of military gear from Gardun in the Archaeological Museum in Split

U radu se obrađuju metalni dijelovi vojničke opreme pronađeni u Gardunu, na mjestu rimskoga vojnog logora Tilurium. Osobnoj opremi rimskoga vojnika pripadaju pojasne kopče, a dijelovi oklopa (spojna kuka i spojna petlja) i kacige (držač perjanice) dio su zaštitne opreme. Najveći broj predmeta jesu privjesci konjske orme, dok je oružje zastupljeno samo jednim vrhom strijele. Uz izuzetak strijele, koja je datirana u srednjovjekovno razdoblje, sav obrađeni materijal pripada vremenu 1. st.Metallic components of military gear found in Gardun, at the site of the Roman military camp Tilurium, are analyzed in this work. Belt buckles were a part of a Roman soldier’s personal gear, while components of armour (chest hooks and tie-hooks) and helmets (crest support) were parts of his protective ware. Most items are riding harness pendants, while the only weapon is an arrowhead. With the exception of the arrowhead, which has been dated to the medieval period, all of the materials analyzed date to the first century

Lukovičaste fibule iz Salone u Arheološkome muzeju u Splitu

U tekstu su obrađene lukovičaste fibule iz Salone, koje se čuvaju u Arheološkom muzeju Split. Također se obrađuju T-fibule i fibule s jednom lukovicom na luku, tipološki usko vezane uz lukovičaste. Ukupno je obrađeno 83 primjerka. Tipu Keller 1A koji se datira od 290. do 320. god. pripada 12 primjeraka, tipu 1B (290.-320. god.) 8 primjeraka; tip 2 (310.-350. god.) zastupljen je samo varijantom 2B (4 primjerka). Ukupan broj predmeta koji idu u tip Keller 3 (340.-360. god.) je 15. Najbrojnije zastupljena skupina je tip Keller 4 (350.-380. god.), s primjercima sve tri varijante ovog tipa. Jedini tip koji nije zastupljen ni jednim primjerkom je tip Keller 5 (370.-400. god.). Tip Keller 6 (1. polovica 5. st.) zastupljen je sa 4 primjerka. Važnost fibula kao arheološkog materijala poznata je i naglašena već na nizu primjeraka, a isto je tako naglašena iznimna uloga i posebnost lukovičastih fibula. Salona je, kao rimsko provincijalno središte, morala imati sve strukture koje je taj njezin položaj zahtijevao. Potvrdu za tu činjenicu nalazimo i u sitnom materijalu. Tako nam ove fibule, premda su tek sitna karika u arheološkom bogatstvu Salone, pružaju novu informaciju o njezinoj važnosti

UNPUBLISHED FIBULAE FROM ASSERIA IN THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM IN SPLIT

S područja antičke Aserije u splitski Arheološki muzej dospio je određeni broj fibula za koje, nažalost, nemamo precizne okolnosti nalaza. Aucissa fibule koje su nedavno objavljene u ovom časopisu, čine najbrojniju skupinu. U ovoj radnji obrađene su preostale fibule koje, premda malobrojne, pokazuju tipološku raznovrsnost. Zastupljeno je sedam osnovnih tipova predstavljenih različitim varijantama. Uglavnom pripadaju ranijem vremenu (kraj 1. st. pr. Kr., 1. st.), a samo nekoliko ih možemo datirati u kasnije doba, od čega su kasnoantički oblici zastupljeni tek s dvije lukovičaste fibule. No sa stajališta tipologije jednako su zastupljeni oblici 1. i oni 2. st., svaki s po tri različita tipa.A certain number of fibulae from ancient Asseria region without any data about the circumstances of the discovery are housed in the Archaeological Museum in Split. Aucissa fibulae that have recently been published in this journal make the most numerous group. This paper presents an analysis of few remaining fibulae which exhibit surprising typological diversity. There are seven basic types represented with different variants. For the most part they can be dated to somewhat earlier period (late 1st century BC, 1st century AD), and just few examples can de dated to a later period, out of which late antique specimens are represented by only two crossbow fibulae, but from the typological point of view forms from the 1st and 2nd centuries are equally well represented, each with three different types

Unpublished pendants on Roman riding harnesses from Salona

Privjesci rimske konjske orme vješali su se pomoću falere ili izravno na remenje konja kako bi pridonijeli dojmu koji je konjanik ostavljao svojom pojavom; no nisu služili samo kao ukras, nego im se oblikom, detaljima ili prikazima na njima dodavalo simbolično značenje. Najvažnija je bila zaštitna uloga privjesaka, koji su čuvali od zla i nesreće. Obrađeni predmeti pripadaju različitim tipovima privjesaka, a kako su u Muzej dospjeli kao slučajni nalazi pa nam detaljne okolnosti nalaza nisu poznate, datirani su pomoću analognih primjeraka s različitih rimskih lokaliteta. Oprema konja, pa tako i način ukrašavanja ovisili su o statusu konjanika u društvu, odnosno o vojničkom rangu. Od šest ovdje obrađenih privjesaka iz Salone, dva pripadaju lunulastima, dva trodijelnima listolikima, jedan je suzoliki, te jedan srcoliki. Vremenski pripadaju 1. st.Pendants on Roman riding harnesses were hung with the help of phalerae or directly on the straps to contribute to the impression made by the rider’s appearance. Their function, however, was not only decorative, as the form, details or the images on them added a symbolic meaning. Their protective role was the most important, i.e. they were meant to ward off evil or misfortune. The analyzed items belong to various pendant groups. Since they arrived in the Museum as chance finds, and detailed circumstances surrounding their discovery are not known, they were dated with the help of analogous examples from various Roman-era sites. Riding gear, including its manner of decoration, reflected the social status of the rider, i.e. his military rank. The pendants analyzed here are of various types, but they were dated within the framework of the first century

AUCISSA FIBULAE FROM ROMAN ASSERIA (PODGRAÐE NEAR BENKOVAC)

U članku se obrađuju aucissa fibule koje su, kao slučajni nalazi, pronađene u antičkoj Aseriji, a čuvaju se u Arheološkom muzeju u Splitu. Od četrdeset sedam fibula pronađenih u Aseriji, koje pripadaju aucissa tipu, dvadeset jedan primjerak ima natpis na zaglavnoj pločici. Zastupljeno je sedam imena: Aucissa, Cartilia, Durnacus, OVbI, Revetu, CCar, Pualer. Osim fibula s natpisom na zaglavnoj pločici obrađeni su i primjerci bez natpisa. Uočava se da je znatno veći broj fibula s polukružnim lukom od onih s trakastim. S natpisom je samo jedna, a bez natpisa tri, dok su one s polukružnim presjekom zastupljene sa sveukupno trideset devet primjeraka. Od obrađenih fibula izdva a se jedna s pravokutnim presjekom luka, dvije fibule imaju više dijelni luk, a jedna ima luk s kuglastim dodatcima. Sve fibule s natpisom, njih 21, već su ranije objavljene. Dvije rane zglobne fibule ne pripadaju aucissa tipu, no obrađene su kao dio ove radnje jer su s njima povezane konstrukcijski, a i vre menski barem prema dosadašnjim istraživanjima na području rimske Dalmacije.The article discusses Aucissa fibulae that we rediscovered as chancefinds at Roman Asseria and are in the collections of the Archaeological Museum in Split. Of the fortyseven fibulae found at Asseria that belong to the Aucissa type, twenty-one specimens have an inscription on the head plate. Seven names are represented: Aucissa, Cartilia, Durnacus, OVbI, Revetu, CCar, and Pualer. The examples without inscriptions were also analyzed. A considerably larger number has been noted of fibulae with a semi-circular bow section than those with a ribbon bow. Of the latter, only one has an legend, while three lack such an inscription, while the fibulae with a semi-circular section are represented by a total of thirty-nine examples. Analyzed fibulae with specific features included one with a rectangular bow section, two fibulae have a multisectioned bow, and one fibula has a bow with rounded appendages. Two early hinged fibulae do not belong to the Aucissa type, but they are discussed as part of this text, as they are related in terms of construction, and also chronologically, at least according to research performed to the present in the region of Roman Dalmatia