STUDIES ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY, PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING TESTS, BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF CLITOREA TERNATEA LINN. PLANT EXTRACTS

The Clitoria ternatea medicinal plant deserves multipotent bioactive secondary metabolites potentials in a great deal. The aim of this study is to analyze the phytochemical, biochemical and antimicrobial activities of the different plant extracts. Extracts from the leaves and seed of Clitoria ternatea were extracted with water and methanol. Phytochemical analysis observed the presence of flavonoids, Carbohydrates, phenols, saponins, tannins, quinines, terpenoids and oxalate components in leaves and seed extract of methanol. In seeds aqueous and methanol extracts, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, amino acids, proteins, terpenoids were present. Quantitatively, seed and leaves methanol extract have good quantity of phenol, carbohydrates, tannin, flavonoid and terpenoid. Two bacterial and fungal strains were taken for antimicrobial analysis. The antibacterial study against E.coli and B.subtlis, result in the zone of inhibition which was more in case of methanol extracts. In antifungal analysis, the extracts were showed equally effective against A.niger whereas the seeds methanol extracts were little more effective against in case of P.chrysogenum. Hence, C. ternatea can be used to discover bioactive natural products that may serve as a base in the development of new natural plant-based medicine

Role of renal doppler ultrasonography in evaluating renal haemodynamics in diabetic patients and its correlation with laboratory parameters (serum HbA1C and serum creatinine)

Background: Due to high prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in India, Diabetic nephropathy is on the rise. Diabetic Nephropathy is the leading cause of End stage renal disease and the major factor responsible for renal transplantation. Grey scale ultrasound can detect morphologic renal parenchymal changes late in the disease but the functional haemodynamic changes can be detected early on, by the means of doppler indices such as Resistive Index (RI) and Pulsatility Index (PI). Hence, application of renal doppler can aid in the diagnosis of early nephropathic changes to allow early medical intervention, therefore improving disease prognosis. Methods: Renal doppler ultrasonography was performed in 64 diabetic individuals, in the main renal artery and at the interlobar arteries of both kidneys in the upper pole, interpolar region, and lower pole. RI and PI were obtained for each artery and averaged. The correlation between the Mean RI and Mean PI, each with HbA1c and serum creatinine was checked for every patient using relevant statistical tests. Results: Mean RI and PI in study participants were above the normal range. RI and PI both showed a statistically significant positive correlation with serum creatinine, HbA1c as well as the age of the patient and duration of diabetes mellitus (p<0.001).   Conclusions: Evaluation of renal doppler indices while correlating them with laboratory parameters can help slow disease progression. The patient can be provided with medical intervention at the early stage on detection of altered renal indices, hence reducing morbidity and mortality and significantly improving disease prognosis and outcome

A case of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome with undescended testis and clitoromegaly

Androgen insensitivity syndrome is a rare disorder of sex development that results from genetic mutations affecting the androgen receptor. Recently, we encountered a case of a 13-year-old individual who had been raised as female and sought medical attention for primary amenorrhea, which led to the discovery of partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. Early detection and gonad removal are necessary to mitigate the risk of cancer. Additional management steps such as corrective surgery and psychological support can also be valuable

Taxonomic Assignment-Based Genome Reconstruction from Apical Periodontal Metagenomes to Identify Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Factors

Primary apical periodontitis occurs due to various insults to the dental pulp including microbial infections, physical and iatrogenic trauma, whereas inadequate elimination of intraradicular infection during root canal treatment may lead to secondary apical periodontitis. We explored the complex intra-radicular microbial communities and their functional potential through genome reconstruction. We applied shotgun metagenomic sequencing, binning and functional profiling to identify the significant contributors to infection at the acute and chronic apical periodontal lesions. Our analysis revealed the five classified clusters representing Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Lacticaseibacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus and one unclassified cluster of contigs at the genus level. Of them, the major contributors were Pseudomonas, with 90.61% abundance in acute conditions, whereas Enterobacter followed by Enterococcus with 69.88% and 15.42% abundance, respectively, in chronic conditions. Enterobacter actively participated in antibiotic target alteration following multidrug efflux-mediated resistance mechanisms, predominant in the chronic stage. The prediction of pathways involved in the destruction of the supportive tissues of the tooth in Enterobacter and Pseudomonas support their crucial role in the manifestation of respective disease conditions. This study provides information about the differential composition of the microbiome in chronic and acute apical periodontitis. It takes a step to interpret the role of a single pathogen, solely or predominantly, in establishing endodontic infection types through genome reconstruction following high throughput metagenomic DNA analysis. The resistome prediction sheds a new light on the therapeutic treatment guidelines for endodontists. However, it needs further conclusive research to support this outcome using a larger number of samples with similar etiological conditions, but different demographic origin

Sequencing and Characterization of <i>M. morganii</i> Strain UM869: A Comprehensive Comparative Genomic Analysis of Virulence, Antibiotic Resistance, and Functional Pathways

Morganella morganii is a Gram-negative opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae pathogen inherently resistant to colistin. This species causes various clinical and community-acquired infections. This study investigated the virulence factors, resistance mechanisms, functional pathways, and comparative genomic analysis of M. morganii strain UM869 with 79 publicly available genomes. The multidrug resistance strain UM869 harbored 65 genes associated with 30 virulence factors, including efflux pump, hemolysin, urease, adherence, toxin, and endotoxin. Additionally, this strain contained 11 genes related to target alteration, antibiotic inactivation, and efflux resistance mechanisms. Further, the comparative genomic study revealed a high genetic relatedness (98.37%) among the genomes, possibly due to the dissemination of genes between adjoining countries. The core proteome of 79 genomes contains the 2692 core, including 2447 single-copy orthologues. Among them, six were associated with resistance to major antibiotic classes manifested through antibiotic target alteration (PBP3, gyrB) and antibiotic efflux (kpnH, rsmA, qacG; rsmA; CRP). Similarly, 47 core orthologues were annotated to 27 virulence factors. Moreover, mostly core orthologues were mapped to transporters (n = 576), two-component systems (n = 148), transcription factors (n = 117), ribosomes (n = 114), and quorum sensing (n = 77). The presence of diversity in serotypes (type 2, 3, 6, 8, and 11) and variation in gene content adds to the pathogenicity, making them more difficult to treat. This study highlights the genetic similarity among the genomes of M. morganii and their restricted emergence, mostly in Asian countries, in addition to their growing pathogenicity and resistance. However, steps must be taken to undertake large-scale molecular surveillance and to direct suitable therapeutic interventions

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Not AvailableThe liver is an important central organ, which controls carbohydrate metabolism through maintaining glucose homeostasis by a tightly regulated system of genes or enzymes. The microRNAs are small non-coding RNAs playing an important role in the regulation of genes associated with developmental biology, physiology, metabolism, etc. Thus, in this study, we have intended to detect liver-specific microRNAs in farmed carp, Labeo bata, upon being fed a diet with different levels of carbohydrates. Here, we have conducted the experiment for 45 days using fingerlings of farmed carp fed with 20% (control), 40%, and 60% gelatinized starch levels. The liver tissues were collected from each treatment and processed for RNA isolation, small RNA library preparation, and high-throughput sequencing using Illumina NexSeq500. Through sequencing, 15,779,417 reads in 20% CHO, 13,959,039 in 40% CHO, and 13,661,950 in 60% CHO reads were generated for control and treated fishes using three small RNA libraries. We have investigated 445 novel and 231 conserved microRNAs in 20%, 40%, and 60% carbohydrate (CHO), respectively, through computational analysis. The differential expression analysis of miRNAs was carried out between different treatments compared with control and this study depicted 117 known and 114 novel miRNA genes involved in carbohydrate metabolic pathways. Further, target prediction and gene ontology analysis revealed that miRNAs were involved in several pathways such as signaling pathway, G protein pathway, complement receptor–mediated pathway, dopamine receptor signaling pathway, epidermal growth factor pathway, and notch signaling pathway. The predicted miRNA sites in targeted genes were associated with cellular activities, developmental biology, DNA binding, Golgi apparatus, extracellular region, catalytic activity, MAPK cascade, etc. Overall, we have generated a vital resource of liver-specific miRNAs involved in metabolic gene regulation. These studies further will help develop miRNA inhibitors to study their role during carbohydrate metabolism in farmed carp.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe role of microRNA in gene regulation during developmental biology has been well depicted in several organisms. The present study was performed to investigate miRNAs role in the liver tissues during carbohydrate metabolism and their targets in the farmed carp rohu, Labeo rohita, which is economically important species in aquaculture. Using Illumina-HiSeq technology, a total of 22,612,316; 44,316,046 and 13,338,434 clean reads were obtained from three small-RNA libraries. We have identified 138 conserved and 161 novel miRNAs and studies revealed that miR-22, miR-122, miR-365, miR-200, and miR-146 are involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Further analysis depicted mature miRNA and their predicted target sites in genes that were involved in developmental biology, cellular activities, transportation, etc. This is the first report of the presence of miRNAs in liver tissue of rohu and their comparative profile linked with metabolism serves as a vital resource as a biomarker.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe role of microRNA in gene regulation during developmental biology has been well depicted in several organisms. The present study was performed to investigate miRNAs role in the liver tissues during carbohydrate metabolism and their targets in the farmed carp rohu, Labeo rohita, which is economically important species in aquaculture. Using Illumina-HiSeq technology, a total of 22,612,316; 44,316,046 and 13,338,434 clean reads were obtained from three small-RNA libraries. We have identified 138 conserved and 161 novel miRNAs and studies revealed that miR-22, miR-122, miR-365, miR-200, and miR-146 are involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Further analysis depicted mature miRNA and their predicted target sites in genes that were involved in developmental biology, cellular activities, transportation, etc. This is the first report of the presence of miRNAs in liver tissue of rohu and their comparative profile linked with metabolism serves as a vital resource as a biomarker.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAlthough feed cost is the greatest concern in aquaculture, the inclusion of carbohydrates in the fish diet, and their assimilation, are still not well understood in aquaculture species. We identified molecular events that occur due to the inclusion of high carbohydrate levels in the diets of genetically improved ‘Jayanti rohu’ Labeo rohita. To reveal transcriptional changes in the liver of rohu, a feeding experiment was conducted with three doses of gelatinized starch (20% (control), 40%, and 60%). Transcriptome sequencing revealed totals of 15,232 (4464 up- and 4343 down-regulated) and 15,360 (4478 up- and 4171 down-regulated) di erentially expressed genes. Up-regulated transcripts associated with glucose metabolisms, such as hexokinase, PHK, glycogen synthase and PGK, were found in fish fed diets with high starch levels. Interestingly, a de novo lipogenesis mechanism was found to be enriched in the livers of treated fish due to up-regulated transcripts such as FAS, ACC , and PPAR . The insulin signaling pathways with enriched PPAR and mTOR were identified by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) as a result of high carbohydrates. This work revealed for the first time the atypical regulation transcripts associated with glucose metabolism and lipogenesis in the livers of Jayanti rohu due to the inclusion of high carbohydrate levels in the diet. This study also encourages the exploration of early nutritional programming for enhancing glucose e ciency in carp species, for sustainable and cost-e ective aquaculture production.Not Availabl