Passenger Dimensions in Sustainable Multimodal Mobility Services

Seamless integration of air segment in the overall multimodal mobility chain is a key challenge to provide more efficient and sustainable transport services. Technology advances offer a unique opportunity to build a new generation of transport services able to match the evolving expectations and needs of society as a whole. In this context, the passenger-centric approach represents a method to inform the design of future mobility services, supporting quality of life, security and services to citizens traveling across Europe. Relying on the concepts of inclusive design, context of use and task analysis, in this article, we present a comprehensive methodological framework for the analysis of passenger characteristics to elicit features and requirements for future multimodal mobility services, including air leg, that are relevant from the perspective of passengers. The proposed methodology was applied to a series of specific use cases envisaged for three time horizons, 2025, 2035 and 2050, in the context of a European research project. Then, passenger-focused key performance indicators and related metrics were derived to be included in a validation step, with the aim of assessing the extent of benefit for passengers that can be achieved in the forecasted scenarios. The results of the study demonstrate the relevance of human variability in the design of public services, as well as the feasibility of personalized performance assessment of mobility services

An Outline of A Concept of Operations fFor Integration of ATM and Air Transport into Multimodal Transport System for Door-fo-Door Travel

In the framework of the research activities supported by SESAR JU, dedicated research stream is devoted to investigation of integration of Air Traffic Management (ATM) and aviation into a wider transport system able to support the implementation of Door-to-Door (D2D) travel concept. In this framework, the project X-TEAM D2D (Extended ATM for Door-to-Door Travel) has been funded by SESAR JU under the call SESAR-ER4-10-2019: ATM Role in Intermodal Transport, with Grant Agreement n. 891061. The project aims defining, developing and initially validating a Concept of Operations (ConOps) for the seamless integration of ATM and air transport into an overall intermodal network, including other available transportation means (surface, water), to support the door-to-door connectivity, in up to 4 hours, between any location in Europe, in compliance with the target assigned by the ACARE SRIA FlightPath 2050 goals. The project is focused on the consideration of ConOps for ATM and air transport integration in intermodal transport network serving urban and extended urban (up to regional level) mobility, taking into account the transportation and passengers service scenarios envisaged for the next decades, according to baseline (2025), intermediate (2035) and final (2050) time horizons. In this paper, the outcomes of the first phase of the project activities, aimed to provide the initial definition (concept outline) of the proposed overall ConOps are illustrated, emphasizing the specific activities that have been carried out up to date and the related achievements. In addition, an outlook is provided in the paper on the next project activities, expected to be carried out towards the conclusion of the studies and the validation, by means of dedicated numerical simulation campaigns, of the proposed ConOps

Passenger Dimensions in Sustainable Multimodal Mobility Services

Seamless integration of air segment in the overall multimodal mobility chain is a key challenge to provide more efficient and sustainable transport services. Technology advances offer a unique opportunity to build a new generation of transport services able to match the evolving expectations and needs of society as a whole. In this context, the passenger-centric approach represents a method to inform the design of future mobility services, supporting quality of life, security and services to citizens traveling across Europe. Relying on the concepts of inclusive design, context of use and task analysis, in this article, we present a comprehensive methodological framework for the analysis of passenger characteristics to elicit features and requirements for future multimodal mobility services, including air leg, that are relevant from the perspective of passengers. The proposed methodology was applied to a series of specific use cases envisaged for three time horizons, 2025, 2035 and 2050, in the context of a European research project. Then, passenger-focused key performance indicators and related metrics were derived to be included in a validation step, with the aim of assessing the extent of benefit for passengers that can be achieved in the forecasted scenarios. The results of the study demonstrate the relevance of human variability in the design of public services, as well as the feasibility of personalized performance assessment of mobility services

Safety and human factors implications of RPAS introduction in controlled airspace: a case study

Nowadays, Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) represent the new frontier of aerial vehicles. The Air Traffic Management (ATM) system must ensure safety performances and smoothness of traffic flows, where RPAS shall be accommodated as new entrant alongside other existing airspace users, maintaining adequate levels of cooperation in a socio-technical human-machine system. The introduction of RPAS increases the complexity of this system and needs to be properly evaluated from a safety and Human Factors (HF) point of view. This paper discusses the approach and presents the results of the safety and HF evaluations for RPAS integration conducted within the European research project INVIRCAT through Real Time Simulation (RTS) campaigns performed in Italy, Germany and the Netherlands

Preliminary validation results of a novel concept of operations for RPAS Integration in TMA and at airports

The paper describes the results of recent research activities carried out to investigate the safe integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) into ATC controlled airspace with a focus on Terminal Manoeuvring Areas (TMAs) and airports. Until today, RPAS missions require segregated airspace configurations, largely restricting their operational capabilities and economic viability. In consideration of the predicted market growth for RPAS the relevant European air traffic transport masterplans target the full integration of RPAS (and other UAS) by 2035 in both controlled and uncontrolled airspace. However, in recent years European airspace has reached its capacity limits, especially in TMAs and airports, making this resource the bottleneck of the industry. Consequently, the integration of RPAS in such kinds of airspace becomes one of the most relevant issues to be dealt with to achieve the seamless full integration of RPAS in the civil air transport system. The research activities presented in this paper started with the definition of RPAS-specific use cases, the development of a preliminary novel Concept of Operations and the technical and operational requirements related to this integration. They proceeded with the definition and the execution of a simulation test plan for the validation of this new operational concept. The validation campaign has been carried out involving aerospace research centres in the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy, respectively at NLR, DLR, and CIRA. Different aspects of RPAS integration in the TMA were considered, such as latency of command & control link and voice communication link, Automatic Take-off and Landing (ATOL) operations, contingency procedures, and handover of control between two different remote pilot stations. Technical, safety-related, and human factors validation objectives were identified and then assessed through simulation experiments. Several of the previously defined use cases were selected for validation, considering a combination of both nominal and contingency situations. The validation exercises were conducted using real-time human-in-the-loop simulation facilities consisting of remote pilot station simulators, traffic simulators, and ATC simulators including tower and approach controller working positions. These facilities were used to assess the human performance of both air traffic controllers and remote pilots. Moreover, variations of equity between manned and unmanned vehicles, and runway throughput were assessed. The proposed paper describes the selection of relevant use cases, the high-level architecture of all simulation campaigns and a summary of the achieved validation results. These results are presented per validation objective and per Key Performance Area (KPA). Finally, the impact of the achieved results on the refined Concept of Operations and operational and technical requirements is discussed. The activities discussed in the paper were carried out in the context of the project INVIRCAT, co-funded by SESAR Joint Undertaking under European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, by a Consortium led by DLR and involving members of CIRA, Deep Blue, EUROCONTROL, ISDEFE, ISSNOVA, and Royal NLR

An outline of a concept of operations for integration of ATM and air transport into multimodal transport system for door-to-door travel

In the framework of the research activities supported by SESAR JU, dedicated research stream is devoted to investigation of integration of Air Traffic Management (ATM) and aviation into a wider transport system able to support the implementation of Door-to-Door (D2D) travel concept. In this framework, the project X-TEAM D2D (Extended ATM for Door-to-Door Travel) has been funded by SESAR JU under the call SESAR-ER4-10-2019: ATM Role in Intermodal Transport, with Grant Agreement n. 891061. The project aims defining, developing and initially validating a Concept of Operations (ConOps) for the seamless integration of ATM and air transport into an overall intermodal network, including other available transportation means (surface, water), to support the door-to-door connectivity, in up to 4 hours, between any location in Europe, in compliance with the target assigned by the ACARE SRIA FlightPath 2050 goals. The project is focused on the consideration of ConOps for ATM and air transport integration in intermodal transport network serving urban and extended urban (up to regional level) mobility, taking into account the transportation and passengers service scenarios envisaged for the next decades, according to baseline (2025), intermediate (2035) and final (2050) time horizons. In this paper, the outcomes of the first phase of the project activities, aimed to provide the initial definition (concept outline) of the proposed overall ConOps are illustrated, emphasizing the specific activities that have been carried out up to date and the related achievements. In addition, an outlook is provided in the paper on the next project activities, expected to be carried out towards the conclusion of the studies and the validation, by means of dedicated numerical simulation campaigns, of the proposed ConOps

Extended ATM for Seamless Travel (X-TEAM D2D)

X-TEAM D2D project is focused on integrating Air Traffic Management and Urban Air Mobility into an overall multimodal transport network to address the potential increase in efficiency of the overall transportation system in the future, considering the operational domain of the urban and extended urban environment up to a regional extent and passenger-centric perspective. This paper presents the analysis of the Door to Airport trajectory of business passengers until 2035. The results indicate the system's expected performance in 2035 under normal and disrupted scenarios providing insight on the expected impact of future technologies

N-3 fatty acids in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors

BACKGROUND: Trials have shown a beneficial effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with a previous myocardial infarction or heart failure. We evaluated the potential benefit of such therapy in patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors or atherosclerotic vascular disease who had not had a myocardial infarction. METHODS: In this double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, we enrolled a cohort of patients who were followed by a network of 860 general practitioners in Italy. Eligible patients were men and women with multiple cardiovascular risk factors or atherosclerotic vascular disease but not myocardial infarction. Patients were randomly assigned to n-3 fatty acids (1 g daily) or placebo (olive oil). The initially specified primary end point was the cumulative rate of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and nonfatal stroke. At 1 year, after the event rate was found to be lower than anticipated, the primary end point was revised as time to death from cardiovascular causes or admission to the hospital for cardiovascular causes. RESULTS: Of the 12,513 patients enrolled, 6244 were randomly assigned to n-3 fatty acids and 6269 to placebo. With a median of 5 years of follow-up, the primary end point occurred in 1478 of 12,505 patients included in the analysis (11.8%), of whom 733 of 6239 (11.7%) had received n-3 fatty acids and 745 of 6266 (11.9%) had received placebo (adjusted hazard ratio with n-3 fatty acids, 0.97; 95% confidence interval, 0.88 to 1.08; P=0.58). The same null results were observed for all the secondary end points. CONCLUSIONS: In a large general-practice cohort of patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, daily treatment with n-3 fatty acids did not reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Copyright © 2013 Massachusetts Medical Society