A latent class analysis of job satisfaction and turnover among practicing pharmacists

BACKGROUND: Research on job satisfaction and turnover using latent class analysis (LCA) has been conducted in other disciplines. LCA has seldom been applied to social pharmacy research and may be especially useful for examining job situation constructs in pharmacy organizations. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to determine the probability of turnover among practicing pharmacists using LCA. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional descriptive design, 2400 randomly selected pharmacists with active licenses in Florida were surveyed. A model was created using LCA, then fit indices were used to determine whether underlying job satisfaction clusters were present. Once identified, these clusters along with the covariate practice site were modeled on a distal outcome turnover. RESULTS: A 5-class model appeared to best fit the data: a pseudo-satisfied class that contained 8% of the sample, a career-goal class that contained 11% of the sample, a satisfied class that contained 44% of the sample, a job-expectation class that contained 3% of the sample, and an unsatisfied class that contained 17% of the sample. In terms of predicting the distal outcome turnover, the calculated odds ratios indicate that compared with class 3 or the satisfied group, class 2 was 14 times more likely, class 4 was 17 times more likely, and class 5 was 26 times more likely to state that they do not intend to be employed with their current employer 1 year from now. CONCLUSION: The LCA method was found to be effective for finding relevant subgroups with a heterogeneous at-risk population for turnover. Results from the analysis indicate that job satisfaction may be parsed into smaller, more interpretable and useful subgroups. This result holds great promise for practitioners and researchers, alike

Statistical modeling of turnover intention among practicing pharmacists in Florida: A probit analysis

Objective: To determine predictors of job turnover intention within the next 1 year among practicing pharmacists in Florida at their primary place of employment. Methods: Using a cross-sectional descriptive survey design, a simple random sample of 2,400 pharmacists with active licenses in Florida was mailed a questionnaire containing questions about their job satisfaction and intention to leave their primary place of employment within the next 1 year; work characteristics such as practice setting, current position, compensation, and perceived workload; and personal information such as age, marital status, and ethnicity. Probit analysis was used to predict pharmacist job turnover intention. Rasch rating scale model was applied to measures of job satisfaction and workload. Results: Adjusted response rate was 23% (n = 533/2,353) with a total of 372 surveys from actively practicing pharmacists used in the final data analysis. The respondents\u27 mean age was approximately 45 years, more than half (55%) were women, and the majority (78%) reported that they were likely to stay at their place of employment within the next 1 year. Employment status, ethnicity, marital status, number of children in the household, and job satisfaction were found to be significant predictors of job turnover intention. A pharmacist who was part-time, Caucasian, married, having fewer children, and with lower levels of job satisfaction was more likely to report intending to leave their job. Conclusion: Pharmacist turnover intention can be influenced by a number of different factors. It is important to find out how each factor can be addressed or affected to reduce job turnover intention among practicing pharmacists. While pharmacists\u27 existing personal characteristics such as ethnicity and marital status may be difficult to change, variables such as their level of job satisfaction can be increased in order to reduce their job turnover intention

A Community-Based Pilot Study of a Diabetes Pharmacist Intervention in Latinos: Impact on Weight and Hemoglobin A1c

Type 2 diabetes disproportionately affects Latinos increasing their risk of diabetes-related complications. This study used a randomized controlled design with a community-based approach to evaluate the impact of a culturally tailored pharmacist intervention on clinical outcomes in Latino diabetics. The intervention included a focused discussion and two individual pharmacist counseling sessions on medication, nutrition, exercise, and self-care to promote behavior changes. Sessions were culturally adapted for language, diet, family participation, and cultural beliefs. Clinical outcomes were measured at baseline and three months. Nineteen intervention and 24 control participants completed the study. Mean BMI reduction was greater for intervention than for control group participants (-0.73 ± 0.07 kg/m2 versus + 0.37 ± 0.02 kg/m2