5 research outputs found

    The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

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    INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

    Prévalence de l’ankylostomiase avant et après la mise en oeuvre du traitement de masse à l’ivermectine et à l’albendazole au Burkina Faso

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    A travers une étude rétrospective sur une période de 8 ans (2000-2007) dans 48 districts sanitaires du Burkina Faso, nous avons évalué l’évolution de la prévalence de l’ankylostomiase. La prévalence de l’ankylostomiase était de 7,3 % avant la mise en oeuvre du traitement de masse à l’ivermectine + albendazole (2000) et de 2,2 % en 2007 (6 ans après la mise en oeuvre). Une baisse significative de la prévalence de l’ankylostomiase a été notée à partir de 2005 avec un taux de réduction de 61,19 %. Cette réduction était plus importante deux ans après la couverture de l’ensemble des districts sanitaires par le traitement de masse : 69,86 %. En 2007, une baisse significative de la prévalence de l’ankylostomiase a été notée dans 38 districts sanitaires. Ces résultats mettent en évidence l’effet bénéfique du traitement de masse à l’Ivermectine et à l’Albendazole du Programme National d’Elimination de la Filariose Lymphatique sur l’ankylostomiaseau Burkina Faso.Mots clés : Ivermectine + albendazole, ankylostomiase, effet bénéfique, Burkina Faso

    Anomalies hematologiques au cours des accidents vasculaires cerebraux a Abidjan des (Cote d’Ivoire)

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    Introduction: En Côte d’Ivoire, les accidents vasculaires cérébraux (AVC) sont deplus en plus fréquents. Les anomalies biochimiques sont décrites au cours de ces pathologies. Cependant une composante hématologique est de plus en plus évoquée. L’objectif de cette étude a été de rapporter les anomalies hématologiques au cours des AVC chez des patients noirs africains à Abidjan.Méthodologie: Cette étude transversale a été réalisée dans le service de neurologie du CHU de Cocody et le laboratoire de l’Institut National de Santé publique. L’AVC a été objectivé par la Tomodensitométrie. L’hémogramme, la vitesse de sédimentation, le bilan de coagulation et les tests spécialisés d’hémostase (D dimères, PAI, RPCa, AAPL) ont été effectués.Résultats: L’étude a concerné 130 patients âgés de 25 à 93 ans ,72 cas d’AVCH et 58 cas d’AVC I ont été diagnostiqués, l’HTA était le facteur de risque majeur (66,92 %). L’anémie était présente chez 57 % des patients, de type hypochrome microcytaire dans les AVC H (62,5 %) et normochrome normocytaire dans les AVC I (53,5 %). Une thrombopénie notée dans 17,39 % des cas, la vitesse de sédimentation accélérée chez la majorité des patients (83,48 %). Le bilan de coagulation de routine était en général normal indépendamment du type d’AVC (77,91 %). Des taux élevés de DDimères (88,76 %) et de PAI (35ng/ml), la positivité aux AAPL (27 %) et une absence de la RPCa ont été observés.Conclusion: Des anomalies hématologiques ont été observées au cours des AVC chez le noir africain. La prise en compte de celles-ci permettrait un meilleur suivi des patients atteints d’AVC.Mots clés: AVC, anémie, thrombophilie, D dimères, AbidjanEnglish Title: Haematological abnormalities in the stroke in Abidjan (Ivory Coast)English AbstractIntroduction: In Ivory Coast, stroke is becoming more and more. Biochemicalabnormalities are common in these pathologies. However hematologic component is increasingly raised. The objective of the study was to report the hematological abnormalities in the stroke among black African patients in Abidjan.Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the neurology department of the University Hospital of Cocody and the laboratory of the National Institute of   Public Health. The stroke was objectified by CT Scanning. The complete blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation, coagulation balance sheet and specialized tests of hemostasis (D dimer, PAI, APCR, AAPL) were performed.Results: One hundred and thirty patients aged between 25 and 93 years had been enrolled, 72 cases of hemorrhagic stroke and 58 cases of ischemic stroke have been diagnosed, High blood pressure was the major risk factor (66.92%). Anemia was present in 57% of patients, of type hypochromic microcytic in hemorrhagic stroke (62.5%) and normochromic normocytic in ischemic stroke (53.5%). Thrombocytopenia noted in 17.39% of cases, accelerated sedimentation rate in the majority of patients (83.48%). Routine coagulation profile was normal in general regardless of the type of stroke (77.91%). High levels of both D-dimer (88.76%) and IPA (35 ng / ml), positive to AAPL (27%) and absence of APC resistance have been observed.Conclusion: Hematological abnormalities were observed in stroke among the black African. Consideration of these would ensure better monitoring of stroke patients.Keywords: Stroke, anemia, thrombophilia, D-dimer, Abidja

    Recherche des hémoglobinopathies qualitatives chez les hémophiles à Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire

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    Introduction : L’hĂ©mophilie est une maladie hĂ©rĂ©ditaire rare Ă  transmission rĂ©cessive liĂ©e au chromosome X. Les principaux  symptĂ´mes sont l’hĂ©morragie, les hĂ©matomes, l’anĂ©mie et les douleurs articulaires dans les hĂ©marthroses. Ces deux derniers signespeuvent se retrouver au cours des hĂ©moglobinopathies. Ainsi, l’objectif de cette Ă©tude Ă©tait de rechercher la prĂ©sence d’hĂ©moglobinopathies qualitatives dans une cohorte d’hĂ©mophiles suivis au service d’hĂ©matologie clinique du CHU de Yopougon.MĂ©thodes : C’est une Ă©tude transversale qui s’est dĂ©roulĂ©e de Janvier Ă  Juillet 2017 au niveau de l’unitĂ© d’hĂ©matologie du laboratoire central du CHU de Yopougon. Sur les prĂ©lèvements de 49 patients, ont Ă©tĂ© effectuĂ©s l’hĂ©mogramme, l’électrophorèse de l’hĂ©moglobine, le taux de prothrombine (TP), le temps de cĂ©phaline activĂ©e (TCA) et le dosage des facteurs VIII et IX par la mĂ©thode chronomĂ©trique.RĂ©sultats : La moyenne d’âge Ă©tait de 17 ans avec 73,5% d’élèves et Ă©tudiants. Les hĂ©marthroses (75,5%) et les hĂ©matomes (36,7%) constituaient l’essentiel des signes cliniques. La complication majeure Ă©tait la dĂ©formation articulaire Ă  34,7%. Sur les 49 patients constituant la cohorte, le pourcentage d’hĂ©mophiles A Ă©tait de 89.8% (44/49) et celui d’hĂ©mophiles B 10,2% (5/49), avec 81,6% (40/49) d’hĂ©mophiles sĂ©vères. La frĂ©quence des hĂ©moglobinopathies qualitatives est de 8,2% (4/49) avec 6,2% de trait drĂ©panocytaire AS (3/49) et 2% d’hĂ©moglobine AC (1/49).Conclusion : Cette Ă©tude a mis en Ă©vidence la prĂ©sence d’hĂ©moglobinopathies qualitatives, pouvant coexister avec l’hĂ©mophilie, ce qui peut compliquer la prise en charge et la qualitĂ© de vie des patients. Mots clĂ©s : HĂ©mophilie, hĂ©mogramme, Ă©lectrophorèse, Abidjan.   English title: Research of qualitative haemoglobinopathies in hemophiliacs in Abidjan, CĂ´te d’Ivoire Introduction: Hemophilia is a rare hereditary disease with X-linked recessive inheritance. The main symptoms are haemorrhage, hematoma, anemia and joint pain associated with hemarthrosis. These last two signs can also be found during haemoglobinopathies. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the presence of qualitative haemoglobinopathies in a cohort of hemophiliacs followed in the clinical hematology department of Yopougon University Hospital. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that took place from January to July 2017 at the hematology unit of the central laboratory of the Yopougon University Hospital. On the samples of 49 patients, blood count, haemoglobin electrophoresis, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and factor VIII and IX were measured by the chronometric method. Results: The average age was 17 with 73.5% of students. Haemarthrosis (75.5%) and hematoma (36.7%) constituted the bulk of clinical signs. The major complication was joint deformity with 34.7%. Of the 49 patients in the cohort, the proportion of hemophiliacs A was 89.8% (44/49) and that of hemophiliac B was 10.2% (5/49), with 81.6% (40/49) of all patients showing severe haemophilia. The frequency of qualitative haemoglobinopathies was 8.2% (4/49) with 6.2% of haemoglobin AS or sickle cell trait (3/49) and 2% of haemoglobin AC (1/49). Conclusion: This study highlighted the presence of qualitative hemoglobinopathies that can coexist with hemophilia, which can  complicate the management and quality of life of patients. Keywords: Hemophilia, hemogram, electrophoresis, Abidjan.  &nbsp
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