Distributions of 60 esophageal cancer patients ≤30 years of age seen at Tenwek Hospital from January 1996 through June 2009 who had follow-up information.

<p>Distributions of 60 esophageal cancer patients ≤30 years of age seen at Tenwek Hospital from January 1996 through June 2009 who had follow-up information.</p

Home villages of young esophageal cancer patients.

<p>Locations of the home villages of the 109 esophageal cancer patients ≤30 years of age seen at Tenwek Hospital (star) from January 1996 through June 2009.</p

Distributions of risk factors overall and by sex for esophageal cancer among patients ≤30 years of age seen at Tenwek Hospital from January 1996 through June 2009 who had follow-up information.

<p>Distributions of risk factors overall and by sex for esophageal cancer among patients ≤30 years of age seen at Tenwek Hospital from January 1996 through June 2009 who had follow-up information.</p

Summary of age, sex and histologic data from published reports of esophageal cancer in young persons, overall and separately in developing and developed countries.

<p>Summary of age, sex and histologic data from published reports of esophageal cancer in young persons, overall and separately in developing and developed countries.</p

Survival with esophageal cancer in young patients by sex.

<p>Survival by sex of the 60 esophageal cancer patients ≤30 years of age seen at Tenwek Hospital from January 1996 through June 2009 who had follow-up information.</p

Characteristics of 306 cases and 605 controls in the Golestan Gastric Cancer Case-Control Study.

<p>Note: <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> infection data missing for 78 controls and 27 cases.</p><p>*P-values from Student’s <i>t</i> test (continuous variables) or Pearson’s chi squared test (categorical variables).</p><p>^# Matching variables</p><p>Characteristics of 306 cases and 605 controls in the Golestan Gastric Cancer Case-Control Study.</p

Odds Ratios and 95% CIs for Gastric Cancer by Duration Unpiped Water Source.

<p>*Adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, marital status, education, head of household education, urban or rural place of birth and residence, home ownership, size of home, wealth score, vegetable consumption, and <i>H</i>. <i>pylori</i> seropositivity.</p><p>Odds Ratios and 95% CIs for Gastric Cancer by Duration Unpiped Water Source.</p

Relative risks (RR) between selected risk factors and esophageal cancer, used in the calculation of Population Attributable Fractions.

*<p>Our estimates of RRs were obtained from a meta-analysis and were first transformed into a log scale and divided by 100 to get the log RR/gram per day, and then multiplied by the lower limit of every quintile of vegetable or fruit consumption. Finally, we divided the RRs in the other quintiles by that in quintile 5 (Q5) to obtain final estimates, and we assumed that the RR in Q5 was equal to 1. The details of this RR calculation for low vegetable and fruit intake have been described elsewhere <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042281#pone.0042281-Xiao1" target="_blank">[15]</a>.</p

Comparison of relative risk, prevalence and population attributable fraction (PAF) for smoking and esophageal cancer in three studies from China.

*<p>Smoking prevalence was calculated from relative risk and PAF.</p>†<p>Smoking prevalence came from the international collaborative study of cardiovascular disease in Asia <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0042281#pone.0042281-Gu2" target="_blank">[29]</a>.</p>‡<p>PAF was estimated using the following formula: .</p

Esophageal cancer deaths and cases attributable to smoking, drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake in China in 2005.

*<p>Combined PAF for smoking, drinking, low vegetable intake and low fruit intake and esophageal cancer was calculated using the following formula: PAF = 1−(1−PAF₁)×(1−PAF₂)×(1−PAF₃)×(1−PAF₄).</p>†<p>PAF = Population Attributable Fraction.</p