Reliability and validity of fall efficacy scale-international in people with Parkinson's disease during on- And off-drug phases

Purpose. Since fear of falling may be one of the main problems in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), its assessment with valid tools is necessary in both drug phases. This study was carried out to investigate the psychometric attributes of the Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I) in people with PD, both in On and Off phases. Methods. One hundred twenty-four patients with PD (mean age ± standard deviation, 60.33 ± 12.59 years) were assessed with the FES-I, both in On- and Off-drug phases. Dimensionality, internal consistency, and test-retest reliability were, respectively, explored by means of factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. Convergent validity of FES-I was established with Visual Analog Scale-Fear of Falling, Berg Balance Scale, and Functional Reach Test. Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 and Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-Activities of Daily Living were also applied. Discriminative validity was tested between patients with and without a history of falling. Results. Factor analysis showed two factors for On- and one factor for Off-drug phase. Internal consistency (α 0.96, On phase; 0.98, Off phase) and test-retest reliability (0.94; 0.91) were satisfactory in both drug phases. There was a moderate/ high correlation (r S |0.50-0.70|) between FES-I and Visual Analog Scale-Fear of Falling, Berg Balance Scale, and Functional Reach Test. Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire-39 and Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-Activities of Daily Living were achieved in both drug phases too. The sensitivity of FES-I to discriminate Parkinson's disease with and without falls showed moderate effect size in both phases. Conclusion. This study verified that FES-I is unidimensional, reliable, and valid to measure the Fear of Falling during On- and Off-drug phases in people with PD. Copyright © 2019 Maryam Mehdizadeh et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Measurement error modelling for ordered covariates in epidemiology

SIGLEAvailable from British Library Document Supply Centre-DSC:DXN014493 / BLDSC - British Library Document Supply CentreGBUnited Kingdo

Factors affecting social participation of Iranian children with cerebral palsy

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors affecting the social participation of Iranian children with cerebral palsy (CP). Participants were 274 (male = 62; female = 38) children with CP, 6- to 12-years old (mean = 1.64) and their parents. Several standardized measures were used to assess social participation, gather environmental factors, and demographic questionnaires. The results of stepwise linear regression analysis indicated that the type of CP, Manual ability level and cognitive level (IQ) appear to be strong predictors of social participation between personal and environmental factors. © 2018, © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

The effects of six-week resistance, aerobic and combined exercises on the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in overweight patients with moderate haemophilia A: A randomized controlled trial

Introduction: Overweight increases the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and serves as a major risk factor for arthropathy and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This condition is becoming increasingly prevalent among patients with haemophilia (PWH). Different forms of exercise training could favourably modify weight-related complications, cardiovascular risk factors and the inflammation. Aim: To investigate the effects of resistance, aerobic and combined exercises on the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory markers in overweight patients with moderate haemophilia A. Methods: Forty-eight patients with moderate haemophilia A, aged 35-55 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 25-30 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to resistance training (RT, n = 12), aerobic (AT, n = 12), combined training (CT, n = 12) and control (n = 12) groups. The patients participated in 45-minutes exercise sessions three times a week for 6 weeks. Waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), fat mass, fat-free mass, interleukin-10 (IL-10), adiponectin, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured before and after the 6 weeks of training. Results: There was significant decrease in WC, WHR, BMI and weight in the AT, RT and CT groups as compared to the control group. Total HJHS scores decreased in the AT, RT, CT groups compared to the control groups (P � 0.001). The decrease in hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in the CT group was significant compared to the control group (P � 0.02). The increase in IL-10 and adiponectin was not significant in the RT, AT and CT groups compared to the control group. Conclusion: CT was the most effective training mode for decreasing the pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing anti-inflammatory markers in overweight patients with haemophilia A. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Lt