Discovery of os cordis in the cardiac skeleton of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Cardiovascular diseases, especially idiopathic myocardial fibrosis, is one of the most significant causes of morbidity and mortality in captive great apes. This study compared the structure and morphology of 16 hearts from chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) which were either healthy or affected by myocardial fibrosis using X-ray microtomography. In four hearts, a single, hyperdense structure was detected within the right fibrous trigone of the cardiac skeleton. High resolution scans and histopathology revealed trabecular bones in two cases, hyaline cartilage in another case and a focus of mineralised fibro-cartilaginous metaplasia with endochondral ossification in the last case. Four other animals presented with multiple foci of ectopic calcification within the walls of the great vessels. All hearts affected by marked myocardial fibrosis presented with bone or cartilage formation, and increased collagen levels in tissues adjacent to the bone/cartilage, while unaffected hearts did not present with os cordis or cartilago cordis. The presence of an os cordis has been described in some ruminants, camelids, and otters, but never in great apes. This novel research indicates that an os cordis and cartilago cordis is present in some chimpanzees, particularly those affected by myocardial fibrosis, and could influence the risk of cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death

Chemotherapy-induced hyaluronan production: a novel chemoresistance mechanism in ovarian cancer

Background: Hyaluronan (HA) an important component of the extracellular matrix, has been linked to tumor progression and drug resistance in several malignancies. However, limited data is available for ovarian cancer. This study investigated the role of hyaluronan (HA) and a potential link between the HA-CD44 pathway and membrane ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter proteins in ovarian cancer chemoresistance. Methods: We investigated the ability of HA to block the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapy drug carboplatin, and to regulate the expression of ABC transporters in ovarian cancer cells. We also examined HA serum levels in ovarian cancer patients prior to and following chemotherapy and assessed its prognostic relevance. Results: HA increased the survival of carboplatin treated ovarian cancer cells expressing the HA receptor, CD44 (OVCAR-5 and OV-90). Carboplatin significantly increased expression of HAS2, HAS3 and ABCC2 and HA secretion in ovarian cancer cell conditioned media. Serum HA levels were significantly increased in patients following platinum based chemotherapy and at both 1st and 2nd recurrence when compared with HA levels prior to treatment. High serum HA levels (>50 μg/ml) prior to chemotherapy treatment were associated with significantly reduced progression-free (P = 0.014) and overall survival (P = 0.036). HA production in ovarian cancer cells was increased in cancer tissues collected following chemotherapy treatment and at recurrence. Furthermore HA treatment significantly increased the expression of ABC drug transporters (ABCB3, ABCC1, ABCC2, and ABCC3), but only in ovarian cancer cells expressing CD44. The effects of HA and carboplatin on ABC transporter expression in ovarian cancer cells could be abrogated by HA oligomer treatment. Importantly, HA oligomers increased the sensitivity of chemoresistant SKOV3 cells to carboplatin. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that carboplatin chemotherapy induces HA production which can contribute to chemoresistance by regulating ABC transporter expression. The HA-CD44 signaling pathway is therefore a promising target in platinum resistant ovarian cancer.Carmela Ricciardelli, Miranda P Ween, Noor A Lokman, Izza A Tan, Carmen E Pyragius, and Martin K Oehle

Comparação entre os bioenxertos de hidroxiapatita de cálcio e submucosa de intestino delgado porcino no preenchimento de defeitos ósseos criados em mandíbula de ratos Defect repair in rat mandible with hydroxyapatite cement comparad to small intestine submucosa

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo consiste em avaliar a regeneração óssea em defeito criado na mandíbula de ratos utilizando dois bioenxertos: hidroxiapatita de cálcio sintética e submucosa de intestino delgado porcina. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Experimental randomizado. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram utilizados 24 ratos da linhagem Wisthar-Furth. Um defeito ósseo de 0,75cm x 1,5cm no corpo de cada hemimandíbula foi realizado em todos os animais com broca esférica de baixa rotação. Padronizou-se à esquerda o preenchimento do defeito ósseo, no grupo I com 15 microgramas de hidroxiapatita e no grupo II com preenchimento de submucosa de intestino delgado porcina (SID), e à direita o não-preenchimento serviu como controle. A eutanásia foi realizada no 40° dia de pós-operatório, após a qual se procederam as análises macroscópicas e histológicas das peças. RESULTADOS: O comprimento médio em milímetros das hemimandíbulas do grupo hidroxiapatita foi de 3,75, e o do grupo SID 3,03 e o do grupo controle foi de 2,63 (p: 0,0022). No grupo hidroxiapatita a neoformação óssea perfez uma área correspondente à 76,64% do total já no grupo SID 63,64% do total. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados macroscópios e microscópicos foram superiores com a utilização do enxerto de hidroxiapatita quando comparado ao grupo submucosa de intestino delgado porcino. Entretanto os dois bioenxertos mostraram-se osteoindutores quando comparados ao controle.<br>AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the bone formation in surgically created defects of rabbit mandibles by synthetic hydroxyapatite of calcium compared to small Intestine Submucosa. MATERIAL AND METHOD: 24 mices lineage Wisthar-Furth were used. A bony defect of 0,75 cm x 1,5 cm in mandibular ramus was accomplished in all animals. The hydroxyapatite implants were placed on the left hemimandiblein groupI, small Intestine submucosa in group II, and the right served as control. The euthanasia was accomplished in the 40° postoperative day, it was proceeded the macroscopic and histological analysis. RESULTS: medium length in millimeters of the hemimandibless in the hydroxyapatite group was of 3,75, in the small intestine submucosa 3,03 and the control group was of 2,63 (p: 0,022). Histomorphometry study reaveled new bone grown in 76,64% of the total area in hydroxyapatite group (p: 0,022). In Small Intestinal submucosa group new bone grown in 63,64% do total (p: 0,0022). DISCUSSION: satisfactory bone integration was observed of the synthetic hydroxyapatite in that experimental model. Small intestinal submucosa cause osteoinduction CONCLUSÃO: using hydroxyapatite of calcium resulted in formation of significantly larger volume frations of new bone when compared to small intestinal submucosa group