Enjeux juridiques du contrôle des émissions personnelles de gaz à effet de serre par un dispositif de carte carbone

La carte carbone individuelle est un dispositif innovant, qui permet d’impliquer les particuliers dans la lutte face au changement climatique. Ce dispositif consiste à limiter leurs émissions de gaz à effet de serre, ce qui suppose de suivre leur consommation de certains produits et services. Ce mode de contrôle des émissions personnelles soulève parfois des controverses, la carte carbone pouvant être perçue comme un instrument de rationnement potentiellement liberticide. Ces deux aspects sont discutés sur la base d’une analyse comparative de la conception et des modalités de mise en œuvre des différents dispositifs de carte carbone, établis ou envisagés en Europe et aux États-Unis. Il en ressort que les controverses ne sont pas réellement fondées.The individual carbon card is an innovative mechanism that helps involve individuals in the fight against climate change. It consists in limiting their greenhouse gas emissions, which requires monitoring a part of their goods and services consumption. This method of personal emissions control is much debated since the carbon card may be perceived as a rationing tool and raises civil liberty issues. Both of these controversial aspects are discussed on the basis of a comparative analysis of how the various carbon card programs, established or contemplated in Europe and in the USA, are designed and implemented. The findings are these controversies are somewhat groundless

Predominant mycotoxins, mycotoxigenic fungi and climate change related to wine

Wine is a significant contributor to the economies of many countries. However, the commodity can become contaminated with mycotoxins produced by certain fungi. Most information on mycotoxins in wine is from Spain, Italy and France. Grapes can be infected by mycotoxigenic fungi, of which Aspergillus carbonarius producing ochratoxin A (OTA) is of highest concern. Climate is the most important factor in determining contamination once the fungi are established, with high temperatures being a major factor for OTA contamination: OTA in wine is at higher concentrations in warmer southern Europe than northern. Contamination by fumonisins is a particular concern, related to Aspergillus niger producing these compounds and the fungus being isolated frequently from grapes. Aflatoxins can be present in wine, but patulin is seldom detected. Alternaria mycotoxins (e.g. alternariol) have been frequently observed. There are indications that T-2 toxin may be common. Also, the combined effects of mycotoxins in wine require consideration. No other mycotoxins are currently of concern. Accurate fungal identifications and mycotoxin detection from the fungi are important and a consideration of practical methods are required. There is a diversity of wines that can be contaminated (e.g. red, white, sweet, dry and fortified). The occurrence of OTA is higher in red and sweet than white wines. Steps to control mycotoxins in wine involve good agriculture practices. The effect of climate change on vines and mycotoxins in wine needs urgent consideration by well-constructed modelling studies and expert interpretation of existing data. Reliable models of the effect of climate change on vines is a priority: the health of vines affects mycotoxin contamination. A modelling study of OTA in grapes at higher temperatures over 100 years is required. Progress has been made in reducing OTA in wine. The other mycotoxins require consideration and the effects of climate change will become crucial.This study was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) under the scope of the strategic funding of the UID/BIO/04469/2013 unit, COMPETE 2020 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER006684) and the BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER000004). These were funded by the European Regional Development Fund through the Norte2020 - Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

La compatibilité des instruments économiques au regard des dispositions relatives aux aides d'état. L'exemple de la taxe CO2/énergie et des échanges de droits d'émission dans le cadre de la lutte contre l'effet de serre

Rousseaux Sandrine. La compatibilité des instruments économiques au regard des dispositions relatives aux aides d'état. L'exemple de la taxe CO2/énergie et des échanges de droits d'émission dans le cadre de la lutte contre l'effet de serre. In: Revue Européenne de Droit de l'Environnement, n°1, 2001. pp. 3-15

La prise en compte des puits de carbone dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto : un obstacle à l'application de la Convention sur la diversité biologique ?

The inclusion of sinks in the Clean Development Mechanism established by the Kyoto Protocol allows its parties to fulfil their obligation to limit greenhouse gas émissions in a cost-effective manner. Carbon séquestration activities they could carry out must however contribute to the sustainable develop- ment of host parties, as required by the Protocol. Possible negative impacts on biodiversity had to be prevented, by promoting synergies between the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Convention on Biological Diversity. This doesn't seem guaranteed by the decision on modalities and procedures for afforestation and reforestation project activities under the clean development mechanism, adopted in 2003. Its implementation could indeed give rise to conflicts between both international Conventions.L'inclusion des puits de carbone dans le cadre du mécanisme pour un développement propre établi par le Protocole de Kyoto permet à ses parties de remplir à moindre coût leurs obligations juridiques en matière de limitation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les activités de séquestration du carbone qu'elles pourraient réaliser doivent cependant contribuer au développement durable des pays hôtes, comme le prévoit le Protocole. Il convenait à cet effet de prévenir les possibles impacts négatifs sur la biodiversité, en favorisant des synergies entre la Convention-cadre des Nations-Unies sur les changements climatiques et la Convention sur la diversité biologique. Ceci ne semble pas garanti par la décision relative aux modalités et procédures de prise en compte des activités de projet de boisement et de reboisement au titre du mécanisme pour un développement propre, adoptée en 2003. Sa mise en oeuvre pourrait en effet donner lieu à des conflits entre les deux Conventions internationales.Rousseaux Sandrine. La prise en compte des puits de carbone dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto : un obstacle à l'application de la Convention sur la diversité biologique ?. In: Revue Juridique de l'Environnement, n°1, 2005. pp. 19-32

Diversité taxonomique, génotypique et physiologique des souches bactériennes dégradant l'atrazine dans les sols. Impacts d'apports de boues de station d'épuration et essai de bioremédiation

230 ref. *INRA, Documentation, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex (FRA) Diffusion du document : INRA, Documentation, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon cedex (FRA) Diplôme : Dr. d'Universit

Etat des lieux international des programmes de carte carbone individuelle

This international survey of personal carbon card programmes cites new and emerging initiatives that aim to stimulate demand for environmentally friendly products and services by introducing individual consumption monitoring. These initiatives cover voluntary programmes established by the public and private sector as well as mandatory programmes that are being considered in the political realm. The carbon card is a generic concept that covers mechanisms with different approaches. The programmes listed in this study are classified into four categories: CO2 emissions accounting and reduction, carbon offsetting, support for sustainable consumption and behaviour, and donations. A comparative analysis of the existing voluntary programmes described in this study enables a better understanding of their key objectives, similarities and differences, and implementation procedures. The results show that these programmes are not equally effective in changing individual behaviour or reducing CO2 emissions. This analysis also provides insights for implementing possible mandatory programmes. Findings show that the foundations are already in place for national personal carbon trading schemes, which are attracting attention in the scientific and political realms, notably in the UK

Personal carbon card: prospects and challenges for ICT

International audienceThe carbon card is a generic notion which includes several categories of programmes aiming at limiting the environmental impact of the individuals. Carbon compensation cards and green loyalty cards are offered by the private sector and municipalities. Issuing a carbon credit card to all the eligible inhabitants of a country (personal quota system) is also considered. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the major role of ICT for implementing individual carbon card schemes. The different functions to be fulfilled by ICT are underlined from a detailed analysis of the way each scheme is electronically managed. This analysis enables to identify potential prospects for the ICT sector, as well as the technological challenges to take up

International survey of individual carbon card programmes

This international survey of personal carbon card programmes cites new and emerging initiatives that aim to stimulate demand for environmentally friendly products and services by introducing individual consumption monitoring. These initiatives cover voluntary programmes established by the public and private sector as well as mandatory programmes that are being considered in the political realm. The carbon card is a generic concept that covers mechanisms with different approaches. The programmes listed in this study are classified into four categories: CO2 emissions accounting and reduction, carbon offsetting, support for sustainable consumption and behaviour, and donations. A comparative analysis of the existing voluntary programmes described in this study enables a better understanding of their key objectives, similarities and differences, and implementation procedures. The results show that these programmes are not equally effective in changing individual behaviour or reducing CO2 emissions. This analysis also provides insights for implementing possible mandatory programmes. Findings show that the foundations are already in place for national personal carbon trading schemes, which are attracting attention in the scientific and political realms, notably in the UK

Etat des lieux international des programmes de 'carte carbone' pour les particuliers (Europe, Etats-Unis)

Individual card programs are an innovative means to raise individuals' awareness of their environmental impact, and to incentive to change personal behaviors and habits. This study draws up an international state of the art of the ‘green cards' or more specifically of the ‘carbon card' programs launched or considered in Europe and in the United States. It shows how these programs are designed and implemented. They are distinguished into four categories: charity, voluntary carbon offsetting, incentive to sustainable consumption and behaviors, issuance of carbon credits (quotas). Recommendations on the design of an individual card scheme applying in France are made in the light of the programs analyzed. An emerging proposal might constitute a medial way. It consists in accompanying a personal greenhouse gas emissions counting mechanism with a financial incentive: reward, and possible penalty, according to the individual ecological impact

Personal carbon card: prospects and challenges for ICT

International audienceThe carbon card is a generic notion which includes several categories of programmes aiming at limiting the environmental impact of the individuals. Carbon compensation cards and green loyalty cards are offered by the private sector and municipalities. Issuing a carbon credit card to all the eligible inhabitants of a country (personal quota system) is also considered. The purpose of this paper is to emphasize the major role of ICT for implementing individual carbon card schemes. The different functions to be fulfilled by ICT are underlined from a detailed analysis of the way each scheme is electronically managed. This analysis enables to identify potential prospects for the ICT sector, as well as the technological challenges to take up