Interaction with PALB2 Is Essential for Maintenance of Genomic Integrity by BRCA2

<div><p>Human breast cancer susceptibility gene, <i>BRCA2</i>, encodes a 3418-amino acid protein that is essential for maintaining genomic integrity. Among the proteins that physically interact with BRCA2, Partner and Localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2), which binds to the N-terminal region of BRCA2, is vital for its function by facilitating its subnuclear localization. A functional redundancy has been reported between this N-terminal PALB2-binding domain and the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of BRCA2, which undermines the relevance of the interaction between these two proteins. Here, we describe a genetic approach to examine the functional significance of the interaction between BRCA2 and PALB2 by generating a knock-in mouse model of <i>Brca2</i> carrying a single amino acid change (Gly25Arg, <i>Brca2</i>^<i>G25R</i>) that disrupts this interaction. In addition, we have combined <i>Brca2</i>^<i>G25R</i> homozygosity as well as hemizygosity with <i>Palb2</i> and <i>Trp53</i> heterozygosity to generate an array of genotypically and phenotypically distinct mouse models. Our findings reveal defects in body size, fertility, meiotic progression, and genome stability, as well as increased tumor susceptibility in these mice. The severity of the phenotype increased with a decrease in the interaction between BRCA2 and PALB2, highlighting the significance of this interaction. In addition, our findings also demonstrate that hypomorphic mutations such as <i>Brca2</i>^<i>G25R</i> have the potential to be more detrimental than the functionally null alleles by increasing genomic instability to a level that induces tumorigenesis, rather than apoptosis.</p></div

Observed and expected birth ratio and Chi Square analysis of offspring of various genotypes from <i>Brca2</i>^<i>GR/GR</i> X <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> cross.

<p>Observed and expected birth ratio and Chi Square analysis of offspring of various genotypes from <i>Brca2</i>^<i>GR/GR</i> X <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> cross.</p

Synergistic interaction between <i>Brca2</i>^<i>G25R</i> mutation and <i>Palb2</i> heterozygosity.

<p><b>A.</b> Image of decreased body size in <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/Ko</i><i>;P2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> animals (right) compared to littermate controls (left). <b>B.</b> Average body weight of mice of indicated genotypes at 7 weeks. <b>C.</b> Seven-week old testes of <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/Ko</i><i>;P2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> animals (right) are smaller compared to littermate controls (left). <b>D.</b> Average weight of testes of indicated genotypes at 7 weeks. <b>E.</b> Average sperm count of mice of indicated genotypes at 7 weeks. <b>F.</b> Representative images of testes sections from <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/+</i><i>;P2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> (upper) and <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/Ko</i><i>;P2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> (lower) animals. Left panel: 7 week H&E images, notice loss of germ cells in seminiferous tubules. Middle Panel: 3 week H&E stained images. Right panel: 3 week testis sections stained with MVH (green) and DAPI (blue) to visualize the germ cells. Controls are represented by either: <i>Brca2</i>^<i>+/+</i>, <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i>, or <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/+</i>} (with or without <i>Palb2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i>). Abbreviations: <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/+</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/+</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/Ko</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/Ko</i></b>}, <i>Palb2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> = <b><i>P2</i></b>^{<b><i>Ko/+</i></b>}.</p

Increased tumor formation in <i>Brca2</i>^<i>G25R</i> mice in a <i>Palb2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> genetic background.

<p><b>A.</b> Median and average age of mice, including the number of animals for each genotype. <b>B.</b> Distribution of tumors found in the of <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/Ko</i><i>;P2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> and <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/GR</i><i>;P2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> mutant mice. Tumor abbreviations: NT = No tumor observed, BCL = B-cell lymphoma, TCL = T-cell lymphoma, HS = Histiocytic sarcoma, OS = Osteosarcoma, HemS = Hemangiosarcoma, OthSa = Other sarcomas, AD = Adenomas, OthCa = Other carcinomas, MT = Multiple tumors, UNK = cause of death unknown. <b>C.</b> Array CGH analysis of tumors from mice of indicated genotypes. These show the percentage of any known copy number variation within all tumors of the given genotype. Numbers at the top indicate the chromosome numbers. Blue lines represent gains and red lines represent losses. Controls are represented by either: <i>Brca2</i>^<i>+/+</i>, <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i>, or <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/+</i>} (with or without <i>Palb2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> and/or <i>Trp53</i>^<i>Ko/+</i>). Abbreviations: <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/+</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/+</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/G25R</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/GR</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/Ko</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/Ko</i></b>}, <i>Palb2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> = <b><i>P2</i></b>^{<b><i>Ko/+</i></b>}, <i>Trp53</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> = <b><i>p53</i></b>^{<b><i>Ko/+</i></b>}.</p

<i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/Ko</i>} decreased testis size due to persistent DSBs and decreased localization of RAD51 in meiocytes.

<p><b>A.</b> Representative images of pachytene meiocytes of (<i>B2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i>, left, <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/GR</i>, center, and <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/Ko</i>, right) stained with SYCP3 (top, red), γH2AX (middle, green), and merged (bottom). <b>B.</b> Quantification of cells containing persistent γH2AX staining in pachynema. <b>C.</b> Representative images of zygotene meiocytes of (<i>B2</i>^<i>GR/+</i>, left, <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/GR</i>, center, and <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/Ko</i>, right) stained with SYCP3 (top, red), RAD51 (middle, green), and merged (bottom). <b>D.</b> Quantification of RAD51 foci along SYCP3 stained meiotic cores at zygonema. Error bars: SD, * p<0.05. Controls are represented by either: <i>Brca2</i>^<i>+/+</i>, <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i>, or <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/+</i>}. Abbreviations: <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>Ko/+</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/+</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/+</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/G25R</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/GR</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/Ko</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/Ko</i></b>}.</p

<i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/Ko</i>} mutant males have decreased fertility.

<p><b>A.</b> Structural and functional domains of murine BRCA2 consisting of 3329 amino acids with the N-terminal PALB2 binding domain (red), BRC repeats (gray) in the middle, helical domain (HD, orange), oligonucleotide binding (OB) regions 1–3 (purple), and a C-terminal RAD51 binding domain (green). Single-strand DNA binding domain (ssDNA, line). The dark green triangle marks the location of the G25R mutation. <b>B.</b> Representative images of mouse testes of indicated genotype (<i>B2</i>^<i>GR/+</i>, left and <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/Ko</i>, right) at 25 weeks of age. <b>C.</b> Average paired testes weight (mg) of the listed genotypes at 7 weeks and 25 weeks, error bars indicate SD. * p<0.05. <b>D.</b> Representative H&E stained histology of testes of the indicated genotypes (<i>B2</i>^<i>GR/+</i>, upper, <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/GR</i>, middle, and <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/Ko</i>, lower) at 25 weeks (tubules lacking germ cells (*), and tubules arrest at meiosis (star), 7 weeks with normal spermatogenesis, and 3 weeks, with reduced haploid cells in <i>B2</i>^<i>GR/Ko</i> testis sections. <b>E.</b> Cartoon of a portion of mouse adult seminiferous tubule cross-section showing spermatozoa at various developmental stages from periphery (top) to lumen (bottom). Scale Bar = 100 μM. Controls are represented by either: <i>Brca2</i>^<i>+/+</i>, <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i>, or <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/+</i>}. Abbreviations: <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/+</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/+</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/G25R</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/GR</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/Ko</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/Ko</i></b>}.</p

Increased tumor predisposition in <i>Brca2</i>^<i>G25R</i> hemizygous mice.

<p><b>A.</b> Median and average age of death, including number of mice per genotype analyzed (n) and shown by gender. <b>B.</b> Kaplan-Meier tumor-free survival curves of <i>Brca2</i> mutant animals (104 week study). <b>C.</b> Kaplan-Meier tumor-free survival curves of <i>Brca2</i> mutant mice on a <i>Trp53</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> genetic background (104 week study). <b>D.</b> and <b>E.</b> Distribution of tumor types found in mice of indicated genotypes. Abbreviations: NT = No tumor observed, BCL = B-cell lymphoma, TCL = T-cell lymphoma, HS = Histiocytic sarcoma, OS = Osteosarcoma, HemS = Hemangiosarcoma, OthSa = Other sarcomas, AD = Adenomas, OthCa = Other carcinomas, MT = Multiple tumors, UNK = cause of death unknown. * UNK are included in the tumor-free survival curves as potential neoplasias. Controls are represented by: Brca2^+/+ and Brca2^Ko/+. Abbreviations: Brca2^Ko/+ = <b>B2</b>^<b>Ko/+</b>, Brca2^G25R/+ = <b>B2</b>^<b>GR/+</b>, Brca2^G25R/G25R = <b>B2</b>^<b>GR/GR</b>, Brca2^G25R/Ko = <b>B2</b>^<b>GR/Ko</b>.</p

Phryma leptostachya L. var. oblongifolia Honda

原著和名: ナガバハエドクサウ科名: ハエドクソウ科 = Phrymaceae採集地: 愛知県 南設楽郡 鳳来町 槇原 (三河 南設楽郡 鳳来町 槇原)採集日: 1981/8/16採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH023907国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-97390

Relationship between genomic instability and tumorigenesis.

<p>Mutations in <i>Brca2</i> that result in mild genomic instability (GIN) do not contribute to tumorigenesis. Mutations that result in moderate GIN lead to tumor formation in mutant mice. However, mutations (e.g. functionally null allele, <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko</i><i>)</i> that cause severe GIN result in increased cell death and decreased tumor formation. Genotypes in blue indicate the mice described in the present study.</p

<i>Brca2</i>^<i>G25R</i> mutation affects protection of stalled replication forks.

<p><b>A.</b> Representative images of the fork protection assay in primary MEFs of indicated genotypes in both untreated and 4mM HU treated conditions. The x-axis represents the fiber length ratio (IdU/CldU) and y-axis represents the frequency of the fibers that have the corresponding IdU/CldU ratio. <b>B.</b> Average loss of protection (LoP) for the various genotypes across multiple experiments. <b>C.</b> Representative frequency of IdU/CldU ratios in untreated (black) and HU treated (red) MEFs indicating the average ratio for untreated and HU treated (number in parenthesis) as well as percent of LoP. LoP = (1-<i>a</i>/<i>b</i>)X100, where <i>a</i> is the IdU/CldU ratio after HU treatment and <i>b</i> is the IdU/CldU ratio without HU treatment. Error bars: SD, * p<0.05. Controls are represented by: <i>Brca2</i>^<i>+/+</i>, <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i>, and <i>Palb2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i>. Abbreviations: <i>Brca2</i>^<i>+/+</i> = <b>WT,</b> <i>Brca2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>Ko/+</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/G25R</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/GR</i></b>}, <i>Brca2</i>^{<i>G25R/Ko</i>} = <b><i>B2</i></b>^{<b><i>GR/Ko</i></b>}, <i>Palb2</i>^<i>Ko/+</i> = <b><i>P2</i></b>^{<b><i>Ko/+</i></b>}.</p